Review of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Causing Marine Fish Kills: Toxicity and Mitigation

Plants, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(23), P. 3936 - 3936

Published: Nov. 22, 2023

Extensive growth of microscopic algae and cyanobacteria results in harmful algal blooms (HABs) marine, brackish, freshwater environments. HABs can harm humans animals through their toxicity or by producing ecological conditions such as oxygen depletion, which kill fish other economically ecologically important organisms. This review summarizes the reports on various that are able to bring about marine kills. The predominant HABs, toxins, effects fishes spread across parts globe discussed. mechanism HAB-driven kills is discussed based available reports, existing mitigation methods presented. Lapses large-scale implementation demonstrated under laboratory projected. Clay-related technologies nano-sorption-based nanotechnologies, although proven make significant contributions, have not been put use real-world conditions. gaps technology transfer accomplished prototypes highlighted. Further uses remote sensing machine learning state-of-the-art techniques for detection identification recommended.

Language: Английский

---

Giant polyketide synthase enzymes in the biosynthesis of giant marine polyether toxins

Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 385(6709), P. 671 - 678

Published: Aug. 8, 2024

Prymnesium parvum are harmful haptophyte algae that cause massive environmental fish kills. Their polyketide polyether toxins, the prymnesins, among largest nonpolymeric compounds in nature and have biosynthetic origins remained enigmatic for more than 40 years. In this work, we report “PKZILLAs,” P. synthase (PKS) genes evaded previous detection. PKZILLA-1 -2 encode giant protein products of 4.7 3.2 megadaltons 140 99 enzyme domains. predicted polyene product matches proposed pre-prymnesin precursor 90-carbon–backbone A-type prymnesins. We further characterize variant PKZILLA-B1, which is responsible shorter B-type analog prymnesin-B1, from RCC3426 thus establish a general model logic. This work expands expectations genetic enzymatic size limits biology.

Language: Английский

---

Toxic Algae in Inland Waters of the Conterminous United States—A Review and Synthesis

Water, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(15), P. 2808 - 2808

Published: Aug. 3, 2023

Cyanobacteria are the most common toxigenic algae in inland waters. Their toxins can affect health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms, including humans. Other algal groups, such as haptophytes (e.g., Prymnesium parvum) euglenoids Euglena sanguinea), also form harmful blooms (HABs) whose cause injury to biota but currently have no known effects on human health. parvum, however, is responsible for some worst HAB-related ecological disasters recorded Here, we provide an overview primary found U.S. waters: cyanobacteria (planktonic forms), P. E. sanguinea with objective describing their similarities differences areas HAB ecology, toxins, potential future range expansion HABs. A detailed account bloom habitats associations land cover use provided from perspective water quality. This review revealed that salinity may influence cyanobacterial cyanotoxins had not been fully recognized previously.

Language: Английский

---

From genes to toxins: Profiling Prymnesium parvum during a riverine harmful algal bloom

Harmful Algae, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 136, P. 102644 - 102644

Published: May 17, 2024

Blooms of Prymnesium parvum, a unicellular alga globally distributed in marine and brackish environments, frequently result massive fish kills due to the production toxins called prymnesins by this haptophyte. In August 2022, harmful algal bloom (HAB) species occurred lower Oder River (Poland Germany), which caused mass mortalities other organisms. This HAB was linked low discharge mining activities that significant increase salinity. context, we report on molecular detection screening haptophyte its environmental samples clonal cultures derived thereof. Both conventional PCR droplet digital assays reliably detected P. parvum samples. eDNA metabarcoding using V4 region 18S rRNA gene revealed single sequence variant, but failed identify it level. Four established from were unambiguously identified as phylogenetics (near full-length gene) light microscopy. Phylogenetic analysis (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 marker region) placed cultured phylotype within clade containing strains known produce B-type prymnesins. Toxin-screening liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization - time flight spectrometry prymnesins, also extracts filter residues water collected during HAB. Overall, our investigation provides detailed characterization including their River, contributing valuable insights into ecological disaster. addition, assay here will be useful for future monitoring levels or any salt-impacted bodies.

Language: Английский

---

Internal ploidy and heritable chromosome fragmentation in Parachlorella kessleri

Algal Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 104047 - 104047

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

---

Genetic, metabolic and toxicological diversity within Prymnesium parvum (Haptophyte) from Polish waterbodies

Water Research, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 282, P. 123744 - 123744

Published: April 30, 2025

Language: Английский

---

Giant polyketide synthase enzymes biosynthesize a giant marine polyether biotoxin

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 31, 2024

Prymnesium parvum are harmful haptophyte algae that cause massive environmental fish-kills. Their polyketide polyether toxins, the prymnesins, amongst largest nonpolymeric compounds in nature, alongside structurally-related health-impacting "red-tide" toxins whose biosynthetic origins have been an enigma for over 40 years. Here we report 'PKZILLAs', P. synthase (PKS) genes, existence and challenging genomic structure evaded prior detection. PKZILLA-1 -2 encode giant protein products of 4.7 3.2 MDa with 140 99 enzyme domains, exceeding known titin all other PKS systems. predicted polyene product matches proposed pre-prymnesin precursor 90-carbon-backbone A-type prymnesins. This discovery establishes a model system microalgal biosynthesis expands expectations genetic enzymatic size limits biology.

Language: Английский

---

Long-read genome sequencing provides novel insights into the harmful algal bloom species Prymnesium parvum

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 908, P. 168042 - 168042

Published: Oct. 26, 2023

Prymnesium parvum is a toxin-producing haptophyte that causes harmful algal blooms worldwide, which are often associated with massive fish-kills and subsequent economic losses. In here, we present nuclear plastid genome assemblies using PacBio HiFi long reads DNBseq short for the two P. strains UTEX 2797 CCMP 3037, representing producers of type A prymnesins. Our results show have moderate size 97.56 107.32 Mb. The one highest contiguous assembled contig sequences to date consisting 463 362 contigs N50 596.99 kb 968.39 strain respectively. 3037 were anchored 34 scaffolds, scaffold 5.35 Mb 3.61 Mb, respectively, accounting 93.2 % 97.9 total length. Each comprises circular contig. 20,578 19,426 protein-coding genes annotated 3037. expanded gene family analysis showed starch sucrose metabolism, sulfur energy metabolism ABC transporters involved in evolution parvum. Polyketide synthase (PKSs) responsible production secondary metabolites such as prymnesins displayed different expression patterns under nutrient limitation. Repeat horizontal transfer may be contributing factors high number PKS found this species. quality genomes will serve valuable resources ecological, genetic, toxicological studies haptophytes can used monitor potentially manage ichthyotoxic future.

Language: Английский

---

The haplotype-resolved Prymnesium parvum (type B) microalga genome reveals the genetic basis of its fish-killing toxins

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 34(16), P. 3698 - 3706.e4

Published: July 9, 2024

The catastrophic loss of aquatic life in the Central European Oder River 2022, caused by a toxic bloom haptophyte microalga Prymnesium parvum (in wide sense, s.l.), underscores need to improve our understanding genomic basis toxin. Previous morphological, phylogenetic, and studies have revealed cryptic diversity within P. s.l. uncovered three clade-specific (types A, B, C) prymnesin toxins. Here, we used state-of-the-art long-read sequencing assembled first haplotype-resolved diploid genome type B from strain responsible for disaster. Comparative analyses with A genomes genome-size expansion driven repetitive elements B. We also found conserved synteny but divergent evolution several polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, which are known underlie toxin production combination environmental cues. identified an approximately 20-kbp deletion largest PKS gene that link differences chemical structure types prymnesins. Flow cytometry electron microscopy confirmed diploidy closely related strains both ploidy morphology. Our results provide unprecedented resolution better variability haptophytes. reference-quality will enable us understand changes microbial face increasing pressures provides strain-level monitoring invasive future.

Language: Английский

---

Snow alga Sanguina aurantia as revealed through de novo genome assembly and annotation

G3 Genes Genomes Genetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Aug. 2, 2024

To thrive on melting alpine and polar snow, some Chlorophytes produce an abundance of astaxanthin, causing red blooms, often dominated by genus Sanguina. The cells have not been cultured, but we recently grew a green biciliate conspecific with Sanguina aurantia from sample watermelon snow. This culture provided source material for Oxford Nanopore Technology Illumina sequencing. Our assembly pipeline exemplifies the value hybrid long- short-read approach complexities working grown field sample. Using bioinformatic tools, separated assembled contigs into 2 genomic pools based difference in GC content (57.5 55.1%). We present data as assemblies S. variants explore other possibilities. High-throughput chromatin conformation capture analysis (Hi-C sequencing) was used to scaffold 96-Mb genome designated "A" 102-Mb "B." Both are highly contiguous: A consists 38 scaffolds N50 5.4 Mb, while B has 50 6.4 Mb. RNA sequencing improve gene annotation.

Language: Английский

---