SARS-CoV-2 variant biology: immune escape, transmission and fitness

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 18, 2023

In late 2020, after circulating for almost a year in the human population, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibited major step change its adaptation to humans. These highly mutated forms of SARS-CoV-2 had enhanced rates transmission relative previous variants and were termed 'variants concern' (VOCs). Designated Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta Omicron, VOCs emerged independently from one another, turn each rapidly became dominant, regionally or globally, outcompeting variants. The success VOC previously dominant variant was enabled by altered intrinsic functional properties virus and, various degrees, changes antigenicity conferring ability evade primed immune response. increased fitness associated with is result complex interplay biology context changing immunity due both vaccination prior infection. this Review, we summarize literature on transmissibility variants, role mutations at furin spike cleavage site non-spike proteins, potential importance recombination success, evolution T cells, innate population immunity. shows complicated relationship among antigenicity, virulence, which has unpredictable implications future trajectory disease burden COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Where Is Nano Today and Where Is It Headed? A Review of Nanomedicine and the Dilemma of Nanotoxicology

ACS Nano, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16(7), P. 9994 - 10041

Published: June 22, 2022

Worldwide nanotechnology development and application have fueled many scientific advances, but technophilic expectations technophobic demands must be counterbalanced in parallel. Some of the burning issues today are following: (1) Where is nano today? (2) How good communication investment networks between academia/research governments? (3) Is there any spotlight for nanotechnology? Nanomedicine a particular arm within healthcare landscape, focused on diagnosis, treatment, monitoring emerging (such as coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) contemporary (including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer) diseases. However, it may only represent bright side coin. In fact, recent past, concept nanotoxicology has emerged to address dark shadows nanomedicine. The nanomedicine field requires more nanotoxicological studies identify undesirable effects guarantee safety. Here, we provide an overall perspective central pieces giant puzzle nanotechnology. First, impact education research highlighted, followed by market trends output tendencies. next section, dilemma addressed through interplay silico, vitro, vivo models with support omics microfluidic approaches. Lastly, reflection regulatory clinical trials provided. Finally, some conclusions future perspectives proposed clearer safer translation nanomedicines from bench bedside.

Language: Английский

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Tolerability and immunogenicity of an intranasally-administered adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine: An open-label partially-randomised ascending dose phase I trial

EBioMedicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 85, P. 104298 - 104298

Published: Oct. 10, 2022

Intranasal vaccination may induce protective local and systemic immune responses against respiratory pathogens. A number of intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have achieved protection in pre-clinical challenge models, including ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222, University Oxford / AstraZeneca).We performed a single-centre open-label Phase I clinical trial with healthy adults, using the existing formulation produced for intramuscular administration. Thirty vaccine-naïve participants were allocated to receive 5 × 109 viral particles (VP, n=6), 2 1010 VP (n=12), or (n=12). Fourteen received second doses 28 days later. further 12 non-study mRNA between study 22 46. To investigate as booster, six who had previously two BNT162b2 (Pfizer BioNTech) given single dose nCoV-19. Objectives assess safety (primary) mucosal antibody (secondary).Reactogenicity was mild moderate. Antigen-specific detectable minority participants, rarely exceeding levels seen after infection. Systemic typically weaker than an vaccination. Seven developed symptomatic infection.This showed acceptable tolerability profile but induced neither consistent response nor strong response.AstraZeneca.

Language: Английский

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Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases

Pharmaceutics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(2), P. 423 - 423

Published: Feb. 16, 2022

Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe potent adjuvant to boost the immune response antigen. After slow start, over last decade there has been increased developments adjuvants human vaccines. The development of paralleled our understanding molecular mechanisms pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated activation responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) group PRRs that recognize pathogens initiate host’s infection. Activation TLRs triggers immediate innate responses, which leads subsequent adaptive Therefore, these ideal targets effective adjuvants. To date, TLR agonists such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) CpG-1018 have formulated in licensed their activity, other being developed this purpose. COVID-19 pandemic also accelerated clinical research containing agonist-based In paper, we reviewed associated with adjuvants’ effects activation, emphasizing recent advances vaccine infectious

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 intranasal vaccines: current progress, advantages, prospects, and challenges

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 18(5)

Published: March 8, 2022

Multiple vaccines have recently been developed, and almost all the countries are presently vaccinating their population to tackle COVID-19 pandemic. Most of in use administered via intramuscular (IM) injection, eliciting protective humor cellular immunity. intranasal (IN) also being developed that shown promising ability induce a significant amount antibody-mediated immune response robust cell-mediated immunity as well hold added stimulate mucosal along with additional advantage ease administration compared IM injected vaccines. By inducing secretory IgA antibody responses specifically nasal compartment, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine can prevent virus infection, replication, shedding, disease development, possibly limits transmission. This article highlights current progress, advantages, prospects, challenges developing for countering ongoing

Language: Английский

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Mucosal immunity: The missing link in comprehending SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Aug. 17, 2022

SARS-CoV-2 is primarily an airborne infection of the upper respiratory tract, which on reaching lungs causes severe acute disease, COVID-19. Its first contact with immune system, likely through nasal passages and Waldeyer’s ring tonsils adenoids, induces mucosal responses revealed by production secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies in saliva, fluid, tears, other secretions within 4 days infection. Evidence accumulating that these might limit virus to tract resulting asymptomatic or only mild disease. The injectable systemic vaccines have been successfully developed prevent serious disease its consequences do not induce naïve subjects, but they may recall SIgA antibody previously infected thereby helping explain enhanced resistance repeated (breakthrough) While many intranasally administered COVID found potentially protective experimental animals such as mice, few demonstrated similar success humans. Intranasal should advantage over inducing oral would initial acquisition virus, also suppress community spread via aerosols droplets generated from secretions.

Language: Английский

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Enhancing the immunogenicity of lipid-nanoparticle mRNA vaccines by adjuvanting the ionizable lipid and the mRNA

Nature Biomedical Engineering, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 7, 2023

Language: Английский

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Recent developments in the immunopathology of COVID‐19

Allergy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 78(2), P. 369 - 388

Published: Nov. 24, 2022

Abstract There has been an important change in the clinical characteristics and immune profile of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients during pandemic thanks to extensive vaccination programs. Here, we highlight recent studies on COVID‐19, from immunological protective risk factors for severity mortality COVID‐19. The efficacy COVID‐19 vaccines potential allergic reactions after administration are also discussed. occurrence new variants concerns such as Omicron BA.2, BA.4, BA.5 global have changed scenario Multisystem inflammatory syndrome children (MIS‐C) may cause severe heterogeneous but with a lower rate. Perturbations immunity T cells, B mast well autoantibodies metabolic reprogramming contribute long‐term symptoms is conflicting evidence about whether atopic diseases, asthma rhinitis, associated susceptibility better outcomes At beginning pandemic, European Academy Allergy Clinical Immunology (EAACI) developed guidelines that provided timely information management diseases preventive measures reduce transmission clinics. distribution emerging acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) reduced pathogenic dramatically decreased morbidity, severity, Nevertheless, breakthrough infection remains challenge control. Hypersensitivity (HSR) low compared other vaccines, these were addressed EAACI statements indications reactions, including anaphylaxis vaccines. We gained depth knowledge experience over years since start yet full eradication SARS‐CoV‐2 not horizon. Novel strategies warranted prevent high‐risk groups, development MIS‐C long

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines, Vaccine Development Technologies, and Significant Efforts in Vaccine Development during the Pandemic: The Lessons Learned Might Help to Fight against the Next Pandemic

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(3), P. 682 - 682

Published: March 17, 2023

We are currently approaching three years since the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has caused extensive disruptions in everyday life, public health, and global economy. Thus far, vaccine worked better than expected against virus. During pandemic, we experienced several things, such as virus its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatments; emerging variants; different vaccines; development processes. This review describes how each been developed approved with help modern technology. also discuss critical milestones during process. Several lessons were learned from countries two research, development, trials, vaccination. The process will to fight next

Language: Английский

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Recent Advances in Intranasal Liposomes for Drug, Gene, and Vaccine Delivery

Pharmaceutics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 207 - 207

Published: Jan. 6, 2023

Liposomes are safe, biocompatible, and biodegradable spherical nanosized vesicles produced from cholesterol phospholipids. Recently, liposomes have been widely administered intranasally for systemic brain delivery. From the nasal cavity, liposome-encapsulated drugs genes enter circulation primarily via absorption in respiratory region, whereas they can be directly transported to olfactory pathway. protect enzymatic degradation, increase drug across epithelium, prolong residence time cavity. Intranasal also a potential approach vaccine used as platform load antigens adjuvants induce robust immune response. With recent interest intranasal liposome formulations, this review discusses various aspects of that make them suitable administration. We summarized latest advancements applications evaluated their performance delivery intranasally. reviewed advances development proposed perspectives on future liposomes.

Language: Английский

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