Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Aug. 4, 2021

Abstract Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of that can directly recognize the specific molecular structures on surface pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged senescent cells. PRRs bridge nonspecific immunity immunity. Through binding ligands, produce anti-infection, antitumor, other immunoprotective effects. Most in innate immune system vertebrates be classified into following five types based protein domain homology: Toll-like (TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization (NOD)-like (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like (RLRs), C-type lectin (CLRs), absent melanoma-2 (AIM2)-like (ALRs). basically composed ligand domains, intermediate effector domains. bind their respective ligands recruit adaptor molecules with same structure through initiating downstream signaling pathways to exert In recent years, increased researches have greatly promoted understanding different provided ideas for treatment immune-related diseases even tumors. This review describes detail history, structural characteristics, mechanism, pathway, related disease, new drugs clinical trials therapy PRRs, discusses significance research pattern mechanism PRR-related diseases.

Language: Английский

---

The updated landscape of tumor microenvironment and drug repurposing

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 5(1)

Published: Aug. 25, 2020

Abstract Accumulating evidence shows that cellular and acellular components in tumor microenvironment (TME) can reprogram initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, response to therapies. Cancer research treatment have switched from a cancer-centric model TME-centric one, considering the increasing significance of TME cancer biology. Nonetheless, clinical efficacy therapeutic strategies targeting TME, especially specific cells or pathways remains unsatisfactory. Classifying chemopathological characteristics crosstalk among one another greatly benefit further studies exploring effective treating methods. Herein, we present an updated image with emphasis on hypoxic niche, immune microenvironment, metabolism acidic innervated mechanical microenvironment. We then summarize conventional drugs including aspirin, celecoxib, β-adrenergic antagonist, metformin, statin new antitumor application. These are considered as viable candidates for combination therapy due their activity extensive use practice. also provide our outlook directions potential applications theory. This review depicts comprehensive vivid landscape biology treatment.

Language: Английский

---

Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: May 22, 2023

Abstract Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens cancers. possess binary M1/M2 macrophage polarization settings, which perform central role an array tasks via intrinsic signal cascades and, therefore, must be precisely regulated. Many crucial questions about signaling modulation yet to uncovered. In addition, clinical importance tumor-associated macrophages is becoming more widely recognized as significant progress has been made understanding their biology. Moreover, they integral tumor microenvironment, playing regulation wide variety processes including angiogenesis, extracellular matrix transformation, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, resistance chemotherapeutic checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Herein, we discuss signaling, mechanical stresses modulation, metabolic pathways, mitochondrial transcriptional, epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, have broadly extended traps essential roles autophagy aging regulating functions. discussed recent advances macrophages-mediated autoimmune diseases tumorigenesis. Lastly, targeted therapy portray prospective targets therapeutic strategies health diseases.

Language: Английский

---

Role of Glutathione in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapies

Biomolecules, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(10), P. 1429 - 1429

Published: Oct. 9, 2020

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol present at millimolar concentrations in mammalian tissues. As an important intracellular antioxidant, it acts as a regulator of cellular redox state protecting cells from damage caused by lipid peroxides, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, xenobiotics. Recent studies have highlighted importance GSH key signal transduction reactions controller cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, ferroptosis immune function. Molecular changes antioxidant system disturbances homeostasis been implicated tumor initiation, progression, treatment response. Hence, has both protective pathogenic roles. Although healthy crucial for removal detoxification carcinogens, elevated levels are associated with progression increased resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Recently, several novel therapies developed target tumors means response decreased drug resistance. In this comprehensive review we explore mechanisms functionalities different therapeutic approaches that either directly, indirectly or use GSH-based prodrugs. Consideration also given computational methods used describe related processes silico testing effects.

Language: Английский

---

Targeting tumor-associated macrophages to synergize tumor immunotherapy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Feb. 23, 2021

Abstract The current treatment strategies in advanced malignancies remain limited. Notably, immunotherapies have raised hope for a successful control of these diseases, but their therapeutic responses are suboptimal and vary considerably among individuals. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) major component the tumor microenvironment (TME) often correlated with poor prognosis therapy resistance, including immunotherapies. Thus, deeper understanding complex roles TAMs immunotherapy regulation could provide new insight into TME. Furthermore, targeting is an emerging field interest due to that will synergize In this review, we summarize recent studies investigating involvement immune checkpoint inhibition, vaccines adoptive cell transfer therapies, discuss potential as adjuvant

Language: Английский

---

Physical traits of cancer

Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 370(6516)

Published: Oct. 29, 2020

The role of the physical microenvironment in tumor development, progression, metastasis, and treatment is gaining appreciation. emerging multidisciplinary field sciences cancer now embraced by engineers, physicists, cell biologists, developmental oncologists attempting to understand how parameters processes affect progression treatment. Discoveries this are starting be translated into new therapeutic strategies for cancer. In Review, we propose four traits tumors that contribute resistance: (i) elevated solid stresses (compression tension), (ii) interstitial fluid pressure, (iii) altered material properties (for example, increased tissue stiffness, which historically has been used detect palpation), (iv) microarchitecture. After defining these traits, discuss their causes, consequences, they complement biological hallmarks

Language: Английский

---

Ferroptosis in infection, inflammation, and immunity

The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 218(6)

Published: May 12, 2021

Ferroptosis is a type of regulated necrosis that triggered by combination iron toxicity, lipid peroxidation, and plasma membrane damage. The upstream inducers ferroptosis can be divided into two categories (biological versus chemical) activate major pathways (the extrinsic/transporter the intrinsic/enzymatic pathways). Excessive or deficient ferroptotic cell death implicated in growing list physiological pathophysiological processes, coupled to dysregulated immune response. This review focuses on new discoveries related how cells their spilled contents shape innate adaptive immunity health disease. Understanding immunological characteristics activity not only illuminates an intersection between but may also lead development novel treatment approaches for immunopathological diseases.

Language: Английский

---

Chemokines and the immune response to cancer

Immunity, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 54(5), P. 859 - 874

Published: April 13, 2021

Language: Английский

---

The inflammatory pathogenesis of colorectal cancer

Nature reviews. Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 21(10), P. 653 - 667

Published: April 28, 2021

Language: Английский

---

Overcoming cancer therapeutic bottleneck by drug repurposing

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 5(1)

Published: July 2, 2020

Abstract Ever present hurdles for the discovery of new drugs cancer therapy have necessitated development alternative strategy drug repurposing, old therapeutic purposes. This with a cost-effective way offers rare opportunity treatment human neoplastic disease, facilitating rapid clinical translation. With an increased understanding hallmarks and various data-driven approaches, repurposing further promotes holistic productivity reasonably focuses on target-defined antineoplastic compounds. The “treasure trove” non-oncology should not be ignored since they could target only known but also hitherto unknown vulnerabilities cancer. Indeed, different from targeted drugs, these generic usually used in multi-target may bring benefit to patients. In this review, aiming demonstrate full potential we promising repurposed management classify candidates into their proposed administration either mono- or combination therapy. We summarize approaches discuss main barriers its uptake.

Language: Английский

---