Is
interesting
knowledge
a
reward?
To
tackle
this
question,
we
review
drive,
optimal
arousal,
intrinsic
motivation,
information-gap,
emotion,
reward,
and
computational
accounts
of
epistemic
curiosity.
fMRI,
EEG,
physiological
behavioral
evidence
in
favor
the
curiosity-as-a-reward-anticipation
hypothesis
is
discussed:
curiosity
activates
dopaminergic
brain
reward
circuit,
enhances
attention,
memory,
academic
learning.
We
propose
an
appraisal
model
which
integrates
active
inference
According
to
model,
emotion
triggered
by
perceived
relevance,
uncertainty
coping
potential
knowledge-gaps.
Curiosity
confers
value
its
object,
triggers
anticipation
process
motivates
exploitative
knowledge-seeking
behavior
(i.e.,
wanting
knowledge).
Once
satisfied,
future
expectations
are
updated
according
affective
prediction
errors
(i.e.
liking
learning).
If
appraised
as
low,
knowledge-gap
creates
anxiety
leads
information-avoidance.
also
discuss
what
roles
play
frustration,
enjoyment,
boredom
surprise
dynamics
knowledge-acquisition.
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 1 - 8
Published: April 23, 2025
Long-term
affective
states
such
as
mood
may
best
reflect
the
welfare
of
an
animal.
They
are
likely
to
depend
on
how
animal
assesses
outcomes
its
own
behavioral
actions.
These
post-consummatory
often
low
arousal
and,
accordingly,
difficult
observe.
Here,
we
investigated
whether
behavior
minipigs
shown
during
hour
following
experimental
session
differed
between
a
cognitive
and
physical
task.
We
assumed
that
differences
would
allow
us
see
animals
assessed
tasks
after
completing
them.
The
increased
resting,
feeding,
drinking
task
compared
task,
indicating
need
make
up
for
energy
spent.
In
addition,
foraging
was
reduced
with
control
day,
whereas
non-food-related
exploration
remained
similar
level.
This
change
in
might
be
interpreted
"leisure."
Overall,
approach
used
seems
promising
assess
much
likes
outcome
behavior.
situations
turn
cumulatively
longer-term
are,
correspondingly,
relevant
long-term
state
animals.
A
common
behaviour
in
natural
environments
is
foraging
for
rewards.
However,
this
often
the
presence
of
predators.
Therefore,
one
most
fundamental
decisions
humans,
as
other
animals,
how
to
apportion
time
between
reward-motivated
pursuit
and
threat-motivated
checking
behaviour.
To
understand
what
affects
people
strike
balance,
we
developed
a
novel
ecologically
inspired
task
looked
at
both
within-participant
dynamics
(moods)
between-participant
individual
differences
(questionnaires
about
real-life
behaviours)
two
large
internet
samples
(n=374
n=702)
cross-sectional
design.
For
dynamics,
found
that
regulate
task-evoked
stress
homeostatically
by
changing
(increasing
hiding).
Individual
differences,
even
superficially
related
traits
(apathy-anhedonia
anxiety-compulsive
checking)
reliably
mapped
onto
unique
behaviours.
Worse
performance,
due
maladaptive
checking,
was
linked
gender
(women
checked
excessively)
specific
anxiety-related
traits:
somatic
anxiety
(reduced
self-reported
worry)
compulsivity
(self-reported
disorganized
checking).
While
anhedonia
decreased
engagement,
apathy,
strikingly,
improved
overall
performance
reducing
excessive
checking.
In
summary,
provide
multifaceted
paradigm
assessment
threat
naturalistic
which
sensitive
moods
they
change
throughout
clinical
dimensions.
Thus,
it
could
serve
an
objective
measurement
tool
future
studies
interested
threat,
vigilance
or
behaviour-emotion
interactions
contexts
requiring
reward-seeking
threat-avoidance.
Journal of Cognitive Psychology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. 1 - 12
Published: Aug. 27, 2024
Recent
advances
in
artificial
intelligence
have
reinvigorated
the
longstanding
debate
regarding
whether
or
not
any
aspects
of
human
cognition—notably,
high-level
creativity—are
beyond
reach
computer
programs.
Is
creativity
entirely
a
computational
process?
Here
I
consider
one
general
argument
for
dissociation
between
and
creativity,
which
hinges
on
role
consciousness—inner
experience—in
cognition.
It
appears
unlikely
that
inner
experience
is
itself
process,
implying
it
cannot
be
instantiated
an
abstract
Turing
machine,
nor
current
architecture.
Psychological
research
strongly
implies
integrates
emotions
with
perception
thoughts.
This
integrative
function
consciousness
likely
plays
key
mechanisms
support
creativity.
conclusion
dovetails
anecdotal
reports
creative
individuals,
who
linked
intrinsic
motivation
to
create,
ability
access
novel
connections
ideas.
Over
the
last
decades,
interdisciplinary
field
of
affective
sciences
has
seen
proliferation
rather
than
integration
theoretical
perspectives.
This
is
due
to
differences
in
metaphysical
and
mechanistic
assumptions
about
human
phenomena
(what
they
are
how
work)
which,
shaped
by
academic
motivations
values,
have
determined
constructs
operationalizations.
An
assumption
on
purpose
phenomenacan
be
used
as
a
teleological
principle
guide
construction
common
set
assumptions—a
framework
for
research.
In
this
capstone
paper
special
issue
“Towards
an
Integrated
Understanding
Human
Affectome”,
we
gather
tiered
synthesize
that
account
phenomenacollectively.
teleologically-grounded
offers
principled
agenda
launchpad
both
organizing
existing
perspectives
generating
new
ones.
Ultimately,
hope
Affectome
brings
us
step
closer
not
only
integrated
understanding
phenomena,
but
Despite
empirical
progress,
our
theoretical
understanding
of
mood
instability
remains
stagnant.
The
uncertainties
surrounding
can
be
traced
back
to
reliance
on
natural
language
as
a
means
specifying
its
aspects.
Here,
we
address
the
vagaries
by
developing
first
formal
theory
instability.
Our
computational
is
grounded
notion
reference-based
evaluation:
process
which
humans
ascribe
value
stimuli
based
comparative
frame
reference.
Building
existing
theories
evaluation,
propose
dynamic
framework
use
simulate
various
evaluative
situations.
simulations
furnish
three
forms
instability:
emotional
rigidity
(gravitating
toward
particular
affective
states),
transiency
(experiencing
brief
emotions),
and
reactivity
strong
emotionality).
types
clarify
previous
murky
verbal
descriptions,
delineate
traditionally
conflated
types,
offer
substantive
insights
regarding
measurement
development
Scientific Reports,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
13(1)
Published: Oct. 24, 2023
Mood
effects
on
economic
choice
seem
blatantly
irrational,
but
might
rise
from
mechanisms
adapted
to
natural
environments.
We
have
proposed
a
theory
in
which
mood
helps
adapting
the
behaviour
statistical
dependencies
environment,
by
biasing
expected
value
of
foraging
actions
(which
involve
taking
risk,
spending
time
and
making
effort
get
more
reward).
Here,
we
tested
existence
this
mechanism,
using
an
established
induction
paradigm
combined
with
independent
choices
that
opposed
small
uncostly
rewards
larger
costly
(involving
either
delay
or
effort).
To
maximise
sensitivity
fluctuations,
developed
algorithm
ensuring
options
were
continuously
adjusted
subjective
indifference
points.
In
102
participants
twice,
found
during
episodes
positive
(relative
negative
mood),
biased
towards
better
rewarded
options,
irrespective
cost
type.
Computational
modelling
confirmed
incidental
effect
was
best
explained
bias
added
prior
decision
making.
This
is
therefore
automatically
applied
even
artificial
environments
where
it
not
adaptive,
allowing
spill
over
many
sorts
decisions
generate
irrational
behaviours.
