Molecular Neurodegeneration,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: Feb. 3, 2016
A
unique
feature
of
the
pathological
change
after
spinal
cord
injury
(SCI)
is
progressive
enlargement
lesion
area,
which
usually
results
in
cavity
formation
and
accompanied
by
reactive
astrogliosis
chronic
inflammation.
Reactive
astrocytes
line
cavity,
walling
off
core
from
normal
tissue,
are
thought
to
play
multiple
important
roles
SCI.
The
contribution
cell
death,
particularly
apoptosis
neurons
oligodendrocytes
during
process
cavitation
has
been
extensively
studied.
However,
how
eliminated
following
SCI
remains
largely
unclear.
By
immunohistochemistry,
vivo
propidium
iodide
(PI)-labeling
electron
microscopic
examination,
here
we
reported
that
mice,
died
receptor-interacting
protein
3
mixed
lineage
kinase
domain-like
(RIP3/MLKL)
mediated
necroptosis,
rather
than
or
autophagy.
Inhibiting
1
(RIP1)
depleting
RIP3
not
only
significantly
attenuated
astrocyte
death
but
also
rescued
neurotrophic
function
astrocytes.
astrocytic
expression
necroptotic
markers
followed
polarization
M1
microglia/macrophages
Depleting
transplantation
macrophages
could
reduce
increase
necroptosis
Further,
inflammatory
responsive
genes
Toll-like
receptor
4
(TLR4)
myeloid
differentiation
primary
response
gene
88
(MyD88)
induced
In
vitro
antagonizing
MyD88
alleviate
microglia/macrophages-induced
death.
Finally,
our
data
showed
human,
TLR4/MyD88
were
co-expressed
injured,
cord.
Taken
together,
these
reveal
SCI,
undergo
partially
through
TLR/MyD88
signaling,
suggest
inhibiting
may
be
beneficial
for
preventing
secondary
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
94(4), P. 1077 - 1098
Published: Oct. 1, 2014
Astrocytes
are
the
most
abundant
cells
in
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
that
provide
nutrients,
recycle
neurotransmitters,
as
well
fulfill
a
wide
range
of
other
homeostasis
maintaining
functions.
During
past
two
decades,
astrocytes
emerged
also
increasingly
important
regulators
neuronal
functions
including
generation
new
nerve
and
structural
functional
synapse
remodeling.
Reactive
gliosis
or
reactive
astrogliosis
is
term
coined
for
morphological
changes
seen
astroglial
cells/astrocytes
responding
to
CNS
injury
neurological
diseases.
Whereas
this
defensive
reaction
conceivably
aimed
at
handling
acute
stress,
limiting
tissue
damage,
restoring
homeostasis,
it
may
inhibit
adaptive
neural
plasticity
mechanisms
underlying
recovery
function.
Understanding
multifaceted
roles
healthy
diseased
will
undoubtedly
contribute
development
treatment
strategies
will,
context-dependent
manner
appropriate
time
points,
modulate
promote
brain
repair
reduce
impairment.
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
51, P. 1 - 40
Published: June 23, 2015
The
mammalian
retina
provides
an
excellent
opportunity
to
study
glia–neuron
interactions
and
the
of
glia
with
blood
vessels.
Three
main
types
glial
cells
are
found
in
that
serve
maintain
retinal
homeostasis:
astrocytes,
Müller
resident
microglia.
cells,
astrocytes
microglia
not
only
provide
structural
support
but
they
also
involved
metabolism,
phagocytosis
neuronal
debris,
release
certain
transmitters
trophic
factors
K+
uptake.
Astrocytes
mostly
located
nerve
fibre
layer
accompany
vessels
inner
nuclear
layer.
Indeed,
like
astrocytic
processes
cover
forming
barrier
fulfil
a
significant
role
ion
homeostasis.
Among
other
activities,
can
be
stimulated
macrophage
function,
as
well
interact
neurons
by
secreting
growth
factors.
This
review
summarizes
functional
relationships
between
neurons,
presenting
general
picture
recently
modified
based
on
experimental
observations.
preferential
involvement
distinct
terms
activity
is
discussed,
for
example,
while
may
progenitors
responsible
synaptic
pruning.
Since
different
participate
together
activities
retina,
it
imperative
explore
order
redundancy
heterogeneity
among
these
cells.
Recent
studies
revealed
association
cell
specific
functions.
Finally,
neuroprotective
effects
photoreceptors
ganglion
under
normal
adverse
conditions
will
explored.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
19(4), P. 942 - 942
Published: March 22, 2018
Diabetic
retinopathy
is
a
common
complication
of
diabetes
and
remains
the
leading
cause
blindness
among
working-age
population.
For
decades,
diabetic
was
considered
only
microvascular
complication,
but
retinal
microvasculature
intimately
associated
with
governed
by
neurons
glia,
which
are
affected
even
prior
to
clinically
detectable
vascular
lesions.
While
progress
has
been
made
improve
alterations,
there
still
no
treatment
counteract
early
neuro-glial
perturbations
in
retinopathy.
Diabetes
complex
metabolic
disorder,
characterized
chronic
hyperglycemia
along
dyslipidemia,
hypoinsulinemia
hypertension.
Increasing
evidence
points
inflammation
as
one
key
player
diabetes-associated
perturbations,
however,
exact
underlying
molecular
mechanisms
not
yet
fully
understood.
Interlinked
pathways,
such
oxidative
stress,
formation
advanced
glycation
end-products
increased
expression
endothelial
growth
factor
have
received
lot
attention
they
all
contribute
inflammatory
response.
In
current
review,
we
focus
on
involvement
pathophysiology
special
emphasis
functional
relationships
between
glial
cells
neurons.
Finally,
summarize
recent
advances
using
novel
targets
inhibit
Brain,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
138(3), P. 604 - 615
Published: Jan. 8, 2015
Although
substantial
evidence
has
established
that
microglia
and
astrocytes
play
a
key
role
in
the
establishment
maintenance
of
persistent
pain
animal
models,
glial
cells
human
disorders
remains
unknown.
Here,
using
novel
technology
integrated
positron
emission
tomography-magnetic
resonance
imaging
recently
developed
radioligand
(11)C-PBR28,
we
show
increased
brain
levels
translocator
protein
(TSPO),
marker
activation,
patients
with
chronic
low
back
pain.
As
Ala147Thr
polymorphism
TSPO
gene
affects
binding
affinity
for
nine
patient-control
pairs
were
identified
from
larger
sample
subjects
screened
genotyped,
compared
matched-pairs
design,
which
each
patient
was
matched
to
polymorphism-,
age-
sex-matched
control
subject
(seven
Ala/Ala
two
Ala/Thr,
five
males
four
females
group;
median
age
difference:
1
year;
range:
29-63
28-65
controls).
Standardized
uptake
values
normalized
whole
significantly
higher
than
controls
multiple
regions,
including
thalamus
putative
somatosensory
representations
lumbar
spine
leg.
The
thalamic
negatively
correlated
clinical
circulating
proinflammatory
citokine
interleukin-6,
suggesting
expression
exerts
pain-protective/anti-inflammatory
effects
humans,
as
predicted
by
studies.
Given
activated
glia
or
pain,
present
findings
offer
implications
may
serve
guide
future
studies
pathophysiology
management
variety
conditions.
Glia,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
67(6), P. 1017 - 1035
Published: Dec. 11, 2018
Abstract
Neuroinflammation
in
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
is
an
important
subject
of
neuroimmunological
research.
Emerging
evidence
suggests
that
neuroinflammation
a
key
player
various
neurological
disorders,
including
neurodegenerative
diseases
and
CNS
injury.
complex
well‐orchestrated
process
by
groups
glial
cells
peripheral
immune
cells.
The
cross‐talks
between
extremely
dynamic
which
resembles
symphony.
However,
understanding
how
interact
with
each
other
to
shape
distinctive
responses
remains
limited.
In
this
review,
we
will
discuss
joint
actions
three
phases
neuroinflammation,
initiation,
progression,
prognosis,
movements
symphony,
as
role
type
depends
on
nature
inflammatory
cues
specific
course
diseases.
This
perspective
might
provide
helpful
clues
development
early
diagnosis
therapeutic
intervention
