Human Brain Mapping,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
39(8), P. 3398 - 3418
Published: April 25, 2018
Abstract
The
processing
of
rewards
and
losses
are
crucial
to
everyday
functioning.
Considerable
interest
has
been
attached
investigating
the
anticipation
outcome
phases
reward
loss
processing,
but
results
date
have
inconsistent.
It
is
unclear
if
a
or
recruit
similar
distinct
brain
regions.
In
particular,
while
striatum
widely
found
be
active
when
anticipating
reward,
whether
it
activates
in
response
as
well
remains
ambiguous.
Furthermore,
concerning
orbitofrontal/ventromedial
prefrontal
regions,
activation
often
observed
during
receipt.
However,
this
area
well.
We
ran
an
Activation
Likelihood
Estimation
meta‐analysis
50
fMRI
studies,
which
used
Monetary
Incentive
Delay
Task
(MIDT),
identify
regions
implicated
rewards,
losses,
receipt
reward.
Anticipating
recruits
overlapping
areas
including
striatum,
insula,
amygdala
thalamus,
suggesting
that
generalised
neural
system
initiates
motivational
processes
independent
valence.
were
recruited
only
outcome,
likely
representing
value
received.
Our
findings
help
clarify
substrates
different
advance
neurobiological
models
these
processes.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
36(6), P. 661 - 679
Published: Dec. 1, 2013
Abstract
Why
does
performing
certain
tasks
cause
the
aversive
experience
of
mental
effort
and
concomitant
deterioration
in
task
performance?
One
explanation
posits
a
physical
resource
that
is
depleted
over
time.
We
propose
an
alternative
centers
on
representations
costs
benefits
associated
with
performance.
Specifically,
computational
mechanisms,
especially
those
executive
function,
can
be
deployed
for
only
limited
number
simultaneous
at
any
given
moment.
Consequently,
deployment
these
mechanisms
carries
opportunity
cost
–
is,
next-best
use
to
which
systems
might
put.
argue
phenomenology
understood
as
felt
output
cost/benefit
computations.
In
turn,
subjective
motivates
reduced
service
present
task.
These
representations,
then,
together
other
calculations,
determine
expended
and,
everything
else
equal,
result
performance
reductions.
making
our
case
this
position,
we
review
explanations
both
reductions
Likewise,
broad
range
relevant
empirical
results
from
across
sub-disciplines,
psychology
neuroscience.
hope
proposal
will
help
build
links
among
diverse
fields
have
been
addressing
similar
questions
different
perspectives,
emphasize
ways
models
empirically
distinguished.
American Psychologist,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
71(8), P. 670 - 679
Published: Nov. 1, 2016
Rewards
are
both
"liked"
and
"wanted,"
those
2
words
seem
almost
interchangeable.
However,
the
brain
circuitry
that
mediates
psychological
process
of
"wanting"
a
particular
reward
is
dissociable
from
degree
to
which
it
"liked."
Incentive
salience
or
"wanting,"
form
motivation,
generated
by
large
robust
neural
systems
include
mesolimbic
dopamine.
By
comparison,
"liking,"
actual
pleasurable
impact
consumption,
mediated
smaller
fragile
systems,
not
dependent
on
The
incentive-sensitization
theory
posits
essence
drug
addiction
be
excessive
amplification
specifically
especially
triggered
cues,
without
necessarily
an
"liking."
This
because
long-lasting
changes
in
dopamine-related
motivation
susceptible
individuals,
called
"neural
sensitization."
A
quarter-century
after
its
proposal,
evidence
has
continued
grow
support
theory.
Further,
scope
now
expanding
diverse
behavioral
addictions
other
psychopathologies.
(PsycINFO
Database
Record
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
unknown, P. nsw154 - nsw154
Published: Oct. 12, 2016
The
science
of
emotion
has
been
using
folk
psychology
categories
derived
from
philosophy
to
search
for
the
brain
basis
emotion.
last
two
decades
neuroscience
research
have
brought
us
brink
a
paradigm
shift
in
understanding
workings
brain,
however,
setting
stage
revolutionize
our
what
emotions
are
and
how
they
work.
In
this
article,
we
begin
with
structure
function
there
deduce
biological
might
be.
answer
is
brain-based,
computational
account
called
theory
constructed
Annual Review of Psychology,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
66(1), P. 25 - 52
Published: Sept. 24, 2014
Nearly
40
years
of
research
on
the
function
nucleus
accumbens
(NAc)
has
provided
a
wealth
information
its
contributions
to
behavior
but
also
yielded
controversies
and
misconceptions
regarding
these
functions.
A
primary
tenet
this
review
is
that,
rather
than
serving
as
"reward"
center,
NAc
plays
key
role
in
action
selection,
integrating
cognitive
affective
processed
by
frontal
temporal
lobe
regions
augment
efficiency
vigor
appetitively
or
aversively
motivated
behaviors.
Its
involvement
functions
most
prominent
when
appropriate
course
ambiguous,
uncertain,
laden
with
distractors,
state
flux.
To
end,
different
subregions
play
dissociable
roles
refining
promoting
approach
toward
motivationally
relevant
stimuli,
suppressing
inappropriate
actions
so
that
goals
may
be
obtained
more
efficiently,
encoding
outcomes
guide
direction
subsequent
ones.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
111(8), P. 2871 - 2878
Published: Feb. 5, 2014
Significance
Research
on
Pavlovian
fear
conditioning
has
been
very
successful
in
revealing
what
come
to
be
called
the
brain’s
system.
The
field
now
matured
point
where
a
sharper
conceptualization
of
is
being
studied
could
useful
as
we
go
forward.
Terms
like
“fear
conditioning”
and
system”
blur
distinction
between
processes
that
give
rise
conscious
feelings
nonconscious
control
defense
responses
elicited
by
threats.
These
interact
but
are
not
same.
Using
terms
respect
will
help
focus
future
animal
research
brain
circuits
detect
respond
threats,
should
also
clarify
implications
this
work
for
understanding
how
normal
pathological
about
human
brain.
