Journal of Experimental Psychology General,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
148(6), P. 962 - 976
Published: April 18, 2019
Empathy
is
considered
a
virtue,
yet
it
fails
in
many
situations,
leading
to
basic
question:
When
given
choice,
do
people
avoid
empathy?
And
if
so,
why?
Whereas
past
work
has
focused
on
material
and
emotional
costs
of
empathy,
here,
we
examined
whether
experience
empathy
as
cognitively
taxing
costly,
them
it.
We
developed
the
selection
task,
which
uses
free
choices
assess
desire
empathize.
Participants
make
series
binary
choices,
selecting
situations
that
lead
engage
or
an
alternative
course
action.
In
each
11
studies
(N
=
1,204)
meta-analysis,
found
robust
preference
was
associated
with
perceptions
more
effortful
aversive
less
efficacious.
Experimentally
increasing
efficacy
eliminated
avoidance,
suggesting
cognitive
directly
cause
choice.
choice
share
others'
feelings,
act
not
worth
effort.
(PsycINFO
Database
Record
(c)
2019
APA,
all
rights
reserved).
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
40(1), P. 99 - 124
Published: April 4, 2017
In
spite
of
its
familiar
phenomenology,
the
mechanistic
basis
for
mental
effort
remains
poorly
understood.
Although
most
researchers
agree
that
is
aversive
and
stems
from
limitations
in
our
capacity
to
exercise
cognitive
control,
it
unclear
what
gives
rise
those
why
they
result
an
experience
control
as
costly.
The
presence
these
costs
also
raises
further
questions
regarding
how
best
allocate
minimize
maximize
attendant
benefits.
This
review
explores
recent
advances
computational
modeling
empirical
research
aimed
at
addressing
level
psychological
process
neural
mechanism,
examining
both
exertion
we
manage
limited
resources.
We
conclude
by
identifying
remaining
challenges
theoretical
accounts
well
possible
applications
available
findings
understanding
causes
potential
solutions
apparent
failures
exert
required
us.
Annual Review of Psychology,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
66(1), P. 83 - 113
Published: Sept. 24, 2014
Research
on
cognitive
control
and
executive
function
has
long
recognized
the
relevance
of
motivational
factors.
Recently,
however,
topic
come
increasingly
to
center
stage,
with
a
surge
new
studies
examining
interface
motivation
control.
In
present
article
we
survey
research
situated
at
this
interface,
considering
work
from
social
psychology
behavioral
economics,
but
particular
focus
neuroscience
research.
We
organize
existing
findings
into
three
core
areas,
them
in
light
currently
vying
theoretical
perspectives.
Based
accumulated
evidence,
advocate
for
view
that
treats
it
as
domain
reward-based
decision
making.
More
broadly,
argue
neuroscientific
evidence
plays
critical
role
understanding
mechanisms
by
which
interact.
Opportunities
further
cross-fertilization
between
are
highlighted.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
25(6), P. 2005 - 2015
Published: Feb. 12, 2018
Pupillometry
research
has
experienced
an
enormous
revival
in
the
last
two
decades.
Here
we
briefly
review
surge
of
recent
studies
on
task-evoked
pupil
dilation
context
cognitive
control
tasks
with
primary
aim
being
to
evaluate
feasibility
using
as
index
effort
exertion,
rather
than
task
demand
or
difficulty.
Our
shows
that
across
three
domains
updating,
switching,
and
inhibition,
increases
demands
typically
leads
dilation.
Studies
show
a
diverging
pattern
respect
relationship
between
performance
how
account
can
provide
explanation
these
findings.
We
also
discuss
future
directions
further
corroborate
this
theories
their
potential
neurobiological
substrates.
Perspectives on Psychological Science,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
11(1), P. 35 - 55
Published: Jan. 1, 2016
Exercising
self-control
is
often
difficult,
whether
declining
a
drink
in
order
to
drive
home
safely,
passing
on
the
chocolate
cake
stay
diet,
or
ignoring
text
messages
finish
reading
an
important
paper.
But
enacting
not
always
particularly
when
it
takes
form
of
proactively
choosing
changing
situations
ways
that
weaken
undesirable
impulses
potentiate
desirable
ones.
Examples
situational
include
partygoer
who
chooses
seat
far
from
where
drinks
are
being
poured,
dieter
asks
waiter
bring
around
dessert
cart,
and
student
goes
library
without
cell
phone.
Using
process
model
self-control,
we
argue
full
range
strategies
can
be
organized
by
considering
timeline
developing
tempting
impulse.
Because
tend
grow
stronger
over
time,
strategies-which
nip
impulse
bud-may
especially
effective
preventing
action.
Ironically,
may
underappreciate
for
same
reason
so
effective-namely,
manipulating
our
circumstances
advantage,
able
minimize
in-the-moment
experience
intrapsychic
struggle
typically
associated
with
exercising
self-control.
PLoS ONE,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
8(7), P. e68210 - e68210
Published: July 22, 2013
It
has
long
been
assumed
that
people
treat
cognitive
effort
as
costly,
but
also
such
costs
may
vary
greatly
across
individuals.
Individual
differences
in
subjective
could
present
a
major
and
pervasive
confound
behavioral
neuroscience
assessments,
by
conflating
ability
with
motivation.
Self-report
scales
have
developed,
objective
measures
are
lacking.
In
this
study,
we
use
the
economic
approach
of
revealed
preferences
to
quantify
effort.
Specifically,
adapted
well-established
discounting
paradigm
measure
extent
which
causes
participants
discount
monetary
rewards.
The
resulting
metrics
sensitive
both
within-individual
factors,
including
load
reward
amount,
between-individual
age
trait
engagement.
We
further
validate
benchmarking
it
against
delay
discounting.
results
highlight
promise
utility
tools
for
assessing
state
influences
on
