Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
30(1), P. 439 - 463
Published: Oct. 7, 2014
Astrocytes
regulate
multiple
aspects
of
neuronal
and
synaptic
function
from
development
through
to
adulthood.
Instead
addressing
each
independently,
this
review
provides
a
comprehensive
overview
the
different
ways
astrocytes
modulate
throughout
life,
with
particular
focus
on
recent
findings
in
area.
It
includes
emerging
functions
astrocytes,
such
as
role
synapse
formation,
well
more
established
roles,
including
uptake
recycling
neurotransmitters.
This
broad
approach
covers
many
neurons
constantly
interact
maintain
correct
functioning
brain.
is
important
consider
all
these
diverse
when
investigating
how
astrocyte-neuron
interactions
behavior
appreciate
complexity
ongoing
interactions.
Annual Review of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
42(1), P. 187 - 207
Published: July 8, 2019
Astrocytes
are
morphologically
complex,
ubiquitous
cells
that
viewed
as
a
homogeneous
population
tiling
the
entire
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
However,
this
view
has
been
challenged
in
last
few
years
with
availability
of
RNA
sequencing,
immunohistochemistry,
electron
microscopy,
morphological
reconstruction,
and
imaging
data.
These
studies
suggest
astrocytes
represent
diverse
they
display
brain
area–
disease–specific
properties
functions.
In
review,
we
summarize
these
observations,
emphasize
areas
where
clear
conclusions
can
be
made,
discuss
potential
unifying
themes.
We
also
identify
knowledge
gaps
need
to
addressed
order
exploit
astrocyte
diversity
biological
phenomenon
physiological
relevance
CNS.
thus
provide
summary
perspective
on
vertebrate
Journal of Neurochemistry,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
139(6), P. 1019 - 1055
Published: July 1, 2016
The
adenosine
modulation
system
mostly
operates
through
inhibitory
A1
(A1
R)
and
facilitatory
A2A
receptors
(A2A
in
the
brain.
activity-dependent
release
of
acts
as
a
brake
excitatory
transmission
R,
which
are
enriched
glutamatergic
terminals.
Adenosine
sharpens
salience
information
encoding
neuronal
circuits:
high-frequency
stimulation
triggers
ATP
'activated'
synapse,
is
locally
converted
by
ecto-nucleotidases
into
to
selectively
activate
R;
R
switch
off
CB1
receptors,
bolster
glutamate
NMDA
assist
increasing
synaptic
plasticity
synapse;
parallel
engagement
astrocytic
syncytium
releases
further
inhibiting
neighboring
synapses,
thus
sharpening
encoded
plastic
change.
Brain
insults
trigger
large
outflow
ATP,
danger
signal.
hurdle
for
damage
initiation,
but
they
desensitize
upon
prolonged
activation.
However,
if
insult
near-threshold
and/or
short-duration,
preconditioning,
may
limit
spread
damage.
also
up-regulate
probably
adaptive
changes,
this
heightens
brain
since
blockade
affords
neuroprotection
models
epilepsy,
depression,
Alzheimer's,
or
Parkinson's
disease.
This
initially
involves
control
synaptotoxicity
whereas
microglia
might
signaling
mechanisms
largely
unknown
pleiotropic,
coupling
different
G
proteins
non-canonical
pathways
viability
neuroinflammation,
mitochondria
function,
cytoskeleton
dynamics.
Thus,
simultaneously
bolstering
preconditioning
preventing
excessive
function
afford
maximal
neuroprotection.
main
physiological
role
sharp
combined
action
synapse
undergoing
an
alteration
efficiency
with
increased
all
surrounding
synapses.
up-regulation
attempt
together
desensitization;
favors
synaptotocity
(increased
decreases
undergo
degeneration
(decreased
R).
Maximal
expected
result
from
article
part
mini
review
series:
"Synaptic
Function
Dysfunction
Diseases".
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
9
Published: Aug. 3, 2015
Astrocytes
play
crucial
roles
in
the
brain
and
are
involved
neuroinflammatory
response.
They
become
reactive
response
to
virtually
all
pathological
situations
such
as
axotomy,
ischemia,
infection,
neurodegenerative
diseases
(ND).
Astrocyte
reactivity
was
originally
characterized
by
morphological
changes
(hypertrophy,
remodeling
of
processes)
overexpression
intermediate
filament
glial
fibrillary
acidic
protein
(GFAP).
However,
it
is
unclear
how
normal
supportive
functions
astrocytes
altered
their
state.
In
ND,
which
neuronal
dysfunction
astrocyte
take
place
over
several
years
or
decades,
issue
even
more
complex
highly
debated,
with
conflicting
reports
published
recently.
this
review,
we
discuss
studies
addressing
contribution
ND.
We
describe
molecular
triggers
leading
during
examine
some
key
may
be
enhanced
disease
process,
globally
affect
ND
progression.
Finally
will
consider
anticipated
developments
important
field.
With
aim
show
that
detailed
study
open
new
perspectives
for
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
113(46), P. 13063 - 13068
Published: Oct. 31, 2016
Significance
Neurons
depend
on
oxidative
phosphorylation
for
survival,
whereas
astrocytes
do
not.
Mitochondrial
respiratory
chain
(MRC)
complexes
can
be
organized
in
higher
structures
called
supercomplexes,
which
dictate
MRC
electron
flux
and
energy
efficiency.
Whether
the
specific
metabolic
shapes
of
neurons
are
determined
by
organization
is
unknown.
Here,
we
found
that,
astrocytes,
most
complex
I
free,
resulting
poor
mitochondrial
respiration
but
high
reactive
oxygen
species
(ROS)
production.
In
contrast,
show
to
mostly
embedded
into
thus
low
ROS
Thus,
dictates
different
bioenergetics
preferences
impacting
production,
possibly
playing
a
role
neurodegenerative
diseases.
