Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
55, P. 100788 - 100788
Published: Sept. 9, 2019
Neuroinflammation
is
a
physiological
protective
response
in
the
context
of
infection
and
injury.
However,
neuroinflammation,
especially
if
chronic,
may
also
drive
neurodegeneration.
Neurodegenerative
diseases,
such
as
multiple
sclerosis
(MS),
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD),
Parkinson's
(PD)
traumatic
brain
injury
(TBI),
display
inflammatory
activation
microglia
astrocytes.
Intriguingly,
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
highly
steroidogenic
environment
synthesizing
steroids
de
novo,
well
metabolizing
deriving
from
circulation.
Neurosteroid
synthesis
can
be
substantially
affected
by
while,
turn,
several
steroids,
17β-estradiol,
dehydroepiandrosterone
(DHEA)
allopregnanolone,
regulate
neuroinflammatory
responses.
Here,
we
review
role
neurosteroids
neuroinflammation
MS,
AD,
PD
TBI
describe
underlying
molecular
mechanisms.
Moreover,
introduce
concept
that
synthetic
neurosteroid
analogues
could
potentially
utilized
for
treatment
neurodegenerative
diseases
future.
Neuron,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
95(3), P. 531 - 549.e9
Published: July 14, 2017
Astrocytes
are
ubiquitous
in
the
brain
and
widely
held
to
be
largely
identical.
However,
this
view
has
not
been
fully
tested,
possibility
that
astrocytes
neural
circuit
specialized
remains
unexplored.
Here,
we
used
multiple
integrated
approaches,
including
RNA
sequencing
(RNA-seq),
mass
spectrometry,
electrophysiology,
immunohistochemistry,
serial
block-face-scanning
electron
microscopy,
morphological
reconstructions,
pharmacogenetics,
diffusible
dye,
calcium,
glutamate
imaging,
directly
compare
adult
striatal
hippocampal
under
identical
conditions.
We
found
significant
differences
electrophysiological
properties,
Ca2+
signaling,
morphology,
astrocyte-synapse
proximity
between
astrocytes.
Unbiased
evaluation
of
actively
translated
proteomic
data
confirmed
astrocyte
diversity
circuits.
thus
report
core
reveal
evidence
for
within
circuits,
provide
new,
database
resources
approaches
explore
function
throughout
brain.Video
AbstracteyJraWQiOiI4ZjUxYWNhY2IzYjhiNjNlNzFlYmIzYWFmYTU5NmZmYyIsImFsZyI6IlJTMjU2In0.eyJzdWIiOiI0OGY5MjVkMzgwOGU0NTkwZGMzNTRhMjQwZjZkMWM0OCIsImtpZCI6IjhmNTFhY2FjYjNiOGI2M2U3MWViYjNhYWZhNTk2ZmZjIiwiZXhwIjoxNjc3ODAzMzg0fQ.MwSBbMAp8Z94bVovEvEtEK9rSaCme1FWQaVStp6O8krax6PBRClksqtYhGWrI6xK8ct9tTpHJOavNya9agX01pfBV5Xv2_BxcAlr-eYdkIlnW6ddiNKQ9_7eEHZulgpmyVbQq2DLjKc1qNoV1ABBLI5qYU4yHQPnu-EI2_RASm5h1NErzRmbGIHeglc9V82L8hZBX8NyvUw74JxMPzvU4cgxuX5JBvnXBUOvw2oTkF0oPeBvpSchW6EKQzen4Skxhu-LXb5aAa3LkCMU3JhcCep28BCCVsKkV1kx3RuXhdJgkWD2ucI-70LBWqUvhtG-49ThFs0TB8dIBr74DrFLKA(mp4,
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Trends in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
41(9), P. 758 - 770
Published: Aug. 17, 2020
Astrocytes
are
neural
parenchymal
cells
that
ubiquitously
tile
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
In
addition
to
playing
essential
roles
in
healthy
tissue,
astrocytes
exhibit
an
evolutionarily
ancient
response
all
CNS
insults,
referred
as
astrocyte
reactivity.
Long
regarded
passive
and
homogeneous,
reactivity
is
being
revealed
a
heterogeneous
functionally
powerful
component
of
mammalian
innate
immunity.
Nevertheless,
concepts
about
what
comprises
it
does
incomplete
sometimes
controversial.
This
review
discusses
goal
differentiating
reactive
subtypes
states
based
on
composite
pictures
molecular
expression,
cell
morphology,
cellular
interactions,
proliferative
state,
normal
functions,
disease-induced
dysfunctions.
A
working
model
conceptual
framework
presented
for
characterizing
diversity
Science,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
378(6619)
Published: Nov. 3, 2022
Astrocytes,
a
type
of
glia,
are
abundant
and
morphologically
complex
cells.
Here,
we
report
astrocyte
molecular
profiles,
diversity,
morphology
across
the
mouse
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
We
identified
shared
region-specific
astrocytic
genes
functions
explored
cellular
origins
their
regional
diversity.
gene
networks
correlated
with
morphology,
several
which
unexpectedly
contained
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
risk
genes.
CRISPR/Cas9–mediated
reduction
candidate
reduced
morphological
complexity
resulted
in
cognitive
deficits.
The
same
were
down-regulated
human
AD,
an
AD
model
that
displayed
other
brain
disorders.
thus
provide
comprehensive
data
on
diversity
mechanisms
CNS
basis
health
disease.
Journal of Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
38(1), P. 14 - 25
Published: Jan. 3, 2018
Astrocytes
are
highly
complex
cells
with
many
emerging
putative
roles
in
brain
function.
Of
these,
gliotransmission
(active
information
transfer
from
glia
to
neurons)
has
probably
the
widest
implications
on
our
understanding
of
how
works:
do
astrocytes
really
contribute
processing
within
neural
circuitry?
“Positive
evidence”
for
this
stems
work
multiple
laboratories
reporting
examples
modulatory
chemical
signaling
neurons
timeframe
hundreds
milliseconds
several
minutes.
This
involves,
but
is
not
limited
to,
Ca
2+
-dependent
vesicular
transmitter
release,
and
results
a
variety
regulatory
effects
at
synapses
circuits
that
abolished
by
preventing
elevations
or
blocking
exocytosis
selectively
astrocytes.
In
striking
contradiction,
methodologically
advanced
studies
few
produced
“negative
evidence,”
triggering
heated
debate
actual
existence
properties
gliotransmission.
context,
skeptics'
camp
arose,
eager
dismiss
whole
positive
evidence
based
number
assumptions
behind
negative
data,
such
as
following:
(1)
deleting
single
release
pathway
(IP3R2)
removes
all
sources
gliotransmission;
(2)
stimulating
transgenically
expressed
Gq-GPCR
(MrgA1)
mimics
physiological
underlying
gliotransmitter
release;
(3)
age-dependent
downregulation
an
endogenous
GPCR
(mGluR5)
questions
adulthood;
(4)
failure
transcriptome
analysis
detect
vGluts
canonical
synaptic
SNAREs
proves
inexistence/functional
irrelevance
release.
We
here
discuss
above
likely
wrong
oversimplistic.
light
most
recent
literature,
we
argue
more
phenomenon
than
originally
thought,
possibly
consisting
forms
processes,
whose
correct
study
require
sophisticated
tools
finer
scientific
experiments
done
until
today.
Under
perspective,
opposing
camps
can
be
reconciled
field
moved
forward.
Along
path,
cautious
mindset
attitude
open
discussion
mutual
respect
between
opponent
will
good
companions.
Dual
Perspectives
Companion
Paper:
Multiple
Lines
Evidence
Indicate
That
Gliotransmission
Does
Not
Occur
under
Physiological
Conditions,
Todd
A.
Fiacco
Ken
D.
McCarthy
