The Venturia inaequalis effector repertoire is dominated by expanded families with predicted structural similarity, but unrelated sequence, to avirulence proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi

BMC Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: Nov. 3, 2022

Abstract Background Scab, caused by the biotrophic fungus Venturia inaequalis , is most economically important disease of apples worldwide. During infection, V. occupies subcuticular environment, where it secretes virulence factors, termed effectors, to promote host colonization. Consistent with other plant-pathogenic fungi, many these effectors are expected be non-enzymatic proteins, some which can recognized corresponding resistance proteins activate plant defences, thus acting as avirulence determinants. To develop durable control strategies against scab, a better understanding roles that effector play in promoting growth well activating, suppressing, or circumventing protein-mediated defences apple, required. Results We generated first comprehensive RNA-seq transcriptome during colonization apple. Analysis this revealed five temporal waves gene expression peaked early, mid, mid-late infection. While number genes encoding secreted, proteinaceous candidates (ECs) varied each wave, belonged Spectral clustering based on sequence similarity determined majority ECs expanded protein families. gain insights into function, tertiary structures were predicted using AlphaFold2. Strikingly, despite an absence similarity, have structural from including members MAX, LARS, ToxA and FOLD In addition, several ECs, EC family AvrLm6 Leptosphaeria maculans adopt KP6-like fold. Thus, fold represent another shared among fungi. Conclusions Our study reveals transcriptomic profile underpinning provides enriched list investigated for avirulence. Furthermore, our supports idea numerous sequence-unrelated across fungi share common folds. doing so, gives weight hypothesis fungal evolved ancestral through duplication, followed diversification, produce but structurally similar proteins.

Language: Английский

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Allelic compatibility in plant immune receptors facilitates engineering of new effector recognition specificities

The Plant Cell, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 35(10), P. 3809 - 3827

Published: July 24, 2023

Engineering the plant immune system offers genetic solutions to mitigate crop diseases caused by diverse agriculturally significant pathogens and pests. Modification of intracellular receptors nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptor superfamily for expanded recognition pathogen virulence proteins (effectors) is a promising approach engineering disease resistance. However, can cause NLR autoactivation, resulting in constitutive defense responses that are deleterious plant. This may be due NLRs associating highly complex signaling networks coevolve together, changes through breeding or modification generate incompatible combinations, autoimmune phenotypes. The sensor helper rice (Oryza sativa) pair Pik have coevolved, mismatching between noncoevolved alleles triggers activation cell death. limits extent which protein modifications used engineer enhance resistance mediated these NLRs. Here, we dissected incompatibility determinants Nicotiana benthamiana found heavy metal-associated (HMA) domains integrated Pik-1 not only evolved bind effectors but also likely coevolved with other maintain homeostasis. explains why lead autoactivation. We then this knowledge facilitate new effector specificities, overcoming initial penalties. show Pik-2, enable integration synthetic novel enhanced specificities. Taken our results reveal strategy NLRs, has potential allow an set integrations therefore specificities plants.

Language: Английский

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Computational Prediction of Structure, Function, and Interaction of Myzus persicae (Green Peach Aphid) Salivary Effector Proteins

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37(3), P. 338 - 346

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Similar to plant pathogens, phloem-feeding insects such as aphids deliver effector proteins inside their hosts that act promote host susceptibility and enable feeding infestation. Despite exciting progress toward identifying characterizing from these insects, functions remain largely unknown. The recent groundbreaking development in protein structure prediction algorithms, combined with the availability of proteomics transcriptomic datasets for agriculturally important pests, provides new opportunities explore structural functional diversity repertoires. In this study, we sought gain insight into infection strategy used by

Language: Английский

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Leveraging coevolutionary insights and AI-based structural modeling to unravel receptor–peptide ligand-binding mechanisms

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 121(33)

Published: Aug. 6, 2024

Secreted signaling peptides are central regulators of growth, development, and stress responses, but specific steps in the evolution these their receptors not well understood. Also, molecular mechanisms peptide-receptor binding only known for a few examples, primarily owing to limited availability protein structural determination capabilities laboratories worldwide. Plants have evolved multitude secreted corresponding transmembrane receptors. Stress-responsive SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES (SCOOPs) were recently identified. Bioactive SCOOPs proteolytically processed by subtilases perceived leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2) model plant

Language: Английский

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Precision genome editing of crops for improved disease resistance

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 33(11), P. R650 - R657

Published: June 1, 2023

Language: Английский

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The NLR immune receptor ADR1 and lipase-like proteins EDS1 and PAD4 mediate stomatal immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis

The Plant Cell, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 36(2), P. 427 - 446

Published: Oct. 18, 2023

Abstract In the presence of pathogenic bacteria, plants close their stomata to prevent pathogen entry. Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors recognize effectors and activate effector-triggered responses. However, regulatory molecular mechanisms stomatal immunity involving NLR are unknown. Here, we show that Nicotiana benthamiana RPW8-NLR central receptor ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (NbADR1), together with key proteins ENHANCED SUSCEPTIBILITY (NbEDS1) PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (NbPAD4), plays an essential role in bacterial pathogen- flg22-induced by regulating expression salicylic acid (SA) abscisic (ABA) biosynthesis or response-related genes. NbADR1 recruits NbEDS1 NbPAD4 form a response complex. The transcription factor NbWRKY40e, association NbPAD4, modulates SA ABA genes influence immunity. NbADR1, NbEDS1, required for infection-enhanced binding NbWRKY40e ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE promoter. Moreover, ADR1-EDS1-PAD4 module regulates Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Collectively, our findings pivotal core intracellular immunity, which enables limit

Language: Английский

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Novel Secreted Effectors Conserved Among Smut Fungi Contribute to the Virulence of Ustilago maydis

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37(3), P. 250 - 263

Published: Feb. 28, 2024

Fungal pathogens deploy a set of molecules (proteins, specialized metabolites, and sRNAs), so-called effectors, to aid the infection process. In comparison other plant pathogens, smut fungi have small genomes secretomes 20 Mb around 500 proteins, respectively. Previous comparative genomic studies shown that many secreted effector proteins without known domains, i.e., novel, are conserved only in Ustilaginaceae family. By analyzing 11 species within Ustilaginaceae, we identified 53 core homologous groups commonly present this lineage. collecting existing mutants generating additional ones, gathered 44 Ustilago maydis strains lacking single effectors as well 9 containing multiple deletions gene families. Pathogenicity assays revealed these mutant were affected virulence. Among 33 had no obvious phenotypic changes, 13 carried additional, sequence-divergent, structurally similar paralogs. We report virulence contribution seven previously uncharacterized one Our results help prioritize for understanding U. provide genetic resources further characterization. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Language: Английский

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Neutron Activation Analysis of Rare Earth Elements (Sc, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Yb) in the Diagnosis of Ecosystems of Donbass

Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(2), P. 186 - 200

Published: April 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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AvrSr27 is a zinc‐bound effector with a modular structure important for immune recognition

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 243(1), P. 314 - 329

Published: May 10, 2024

Summary Effector proteins are central to the success of plant pathogens, while immunity in host plants is driven by receptor‐mediated recognition these effectors. Understanding molecular details effector–receptor interactions key for engineering novel immune receptors. Here, we experimentally determined crystal structure Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici ( Pgt ) effector AvrSr27, which was not accurately predicted using AlphaFold2. We characterised role conserved cysteine residues AvrSr27 vitro biochemical assays and examined Sr27‐mediated transient expression Nicotiana spp. wheat protoplasts. The contains a β‐strand rich modular fold consisting two structurally similar domains that bind Zn 2+ ions. N‐terminal domain sufficient interaction with Sr27 triggering cell death. identified related but low sequence identity can also associate Sr27, albeit more weakly. Though only full‐length proteins, trigger Sr27‐dependent death systems. Collectively, our findings have important implications utilising protein prediction platforms those embarking on bespoke receptors as solutions disease.

Language: Английский

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From Lesions to Lessons: Two Decades of Filamentous Plant Pathogen Genomics

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

Filamentous plant pathogens pose a severe threat to food security. Current estimates suggest up 23% yield losses pre- and post-harvest diseases these are projected increase due climate change (Singh et al. 2023; Chaloner 2021; Stukenbrock Gurr Fisher 2012; Steinberg 2020). Understanding how filamentous emerge, spread adapt their hosts new environmental niches is crucial address devastating impact on global agriculture. Over the past two decades, genomics has emerged as central technology advance our understanding of population dynamics coevolution pathogens. The first genome pathogen, blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, was sequenced 20 years ago. Since then, pathogen not only provided deep genomic makeup populations, but fundamental for gene discovery, disease diagnostics, accelerated molecular biology. In merely we have witnessed several revolutions in field, including reference genomes many pathogens, scale thousands individuals, long-read chromosome conformation sequencing highly continuous assemblies recent intersections structural Here, commemorate 20th anniversary by presenting important technological advances (Fig. 1) lessons learned from decades genomics, with focus cereal diseases.

Language: Английский

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