The metabolism and biotransformation of AFB1: Key enzymes and pathways

Biochemical Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 199, P. 115005 - 115005

Published: March 19, 2022

Language: Английский

---

Mechanisms by which microbial enzymes degrade four mycotoxins and application in animal production: A review

Animal nutrition, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15, P. 256 - 274

Published: Oct. 4, 2023

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safe efficient methods of detoxifying mycotoxins. As biotechnology has continued develop, involving biological enzymes have shown great promise. Biological enzymatic methods, which can fundamentally destroy the structures mycotoxins produce degradation products whose toxicity greatly reduced, generally more specific, efficient, environmentally friendly. Mycotoxin-degrading thus facilitate effective detoxification gives them huge advantage over other methods. This article summarizes newly discovered degrading degrade four common (aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A) in past five years, reveals mechanism on mycotoxins, as well their positive effects production. review will provide theoretical basis treatment by using enzyme technology.

Language: Английский

---

Hidden Hazards Revealed: Mycotoxins and Their Masked Forms in Poultry

Toxins, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(3), P. 137 - 137

Published: March 6, 2024

The presence of mycotoxins and their masked forms in chicken feed poses a significant threat to both productivity health. This review examines the multifaceted impacts on various aspects well-being, encompassing efficiency, growth, immunity, antioxidants, blood biochemistry, internal organs. Mycotoxins, toxic substances produced by fungi, can exert detrimental effects even at low levels contamination. hidden or further complicate situation, as they are not easily detected conventional methods but be converted into during digestion. Consequently, chickens exposed mycotoxin-related risks despite apparently mycotoxin levels. consequences exposure include reduced compromised growth rates, impaired immune function, altered antioxidant levels, disturbances biochemical parameters, adverse To mitigate these impacts, effective management strategies essential, such routine monitoring ingredients finished feeds, adherence proper storage practices, implementation detoxification binders. Raising awareness hazards is crucial for safeguarding

Language: Английский

---

Comparative metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in mouse, rat and human primary hepatocytes using HPLC–MS/MS

Archives of Toxicology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 97(12), P. 3179 - 3196

Published: Oct. 5, 2023

Abstract Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB ) is a highly hepatotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species. The compound mainly metabolized in the liver its metabolism varies between present study quantified relevant AFB - metabolites formed mouse, rat, human primary hepatocytes after treatment with µM 10 . use of liquid chromatographic separation coupled tandem mass spectrometric detection enabled selective sensitive determination phase I II over incubation times up to 24 h. binding macromolecules was also considered. fastest observed mouse which aflatoxin P as major metabolite glucuronidated form, while AFP occurred only traces other M all species was, together Q aflatoxicol, main cells. Effective epoxidation led high amounts DNA adducts already 30 min post-treatment, especially rat hepatocytes. Lower levels fast repair were found Also, protein arising from reactive intermediates rapidly three Detoxification via glutathione conjugation subsequent formation N -acetylcysteine derivative appeared be similar mice rats strongly differed did not form these at all. qualitative reference material multitude comparison hepatocyte using advanced methods considerations on toxification detoxification mechanisms In addition conjugation, involved

Language: Английский

---

Alpha-class glutathione S-transferases involved in the detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in ducklings

Food and Chemical Toxicology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 174, P. 113682 - 113682

Published: Feb. 20, 2023

Language: Английский

---

Compound mycotoxin detoxifier alleviating aflatoxin B1 toxic effects on broiler growth performance, organ damage and gut microbiota

Poultry Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 102(3), P. 102434 - 102434

Published: Dec. 21, 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects compound mycotoxin detoxifier (CMD) on alleviating toxic effect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) for broiler growth performance. One-kilogram CMD consists 667 g B1-degrading enzyme (ADE, 1,467 U/g), 200 montmorillonite and 133 probiotics (CP). feeding experiment divided into 2 stages (1–21 d 22–42 d). In early stage, a total 300 one-day-old Ross broilers were randomly 6 groups, 5 replications each group, 10 (half male half female) in replication. later about 240 twenty-two-day-old 8 Group A: basal diet; group B: diet with 40 μg/kg AFB1; C: 1 g/kg CMD; groups D, E, F: AFB1 plus 0.5, 1.0 1.5 CMD, respectively. results indicated that significantly decreased average daily gain (ADG), protein metabolic rate, organ index thymus, bursa Fabricius (BF), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) catalase activities serum, increased residues serum liver (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining analysis jejunum, kidney showed caused main pathological changes different degrees inflammatory cell infiltration. However, additions could alleviate negative above parameters. gut microbiota increase abundances Staphylococcus-xylosu, Esherichia-coli-g-Escherichia-Shigella, decrease Lactobacillus-aviarius abundance 0.05), but which adjusted almost same levels as control by addition. correlative positively correlated ADG, SOD BF whereas Staphylococcus-xylosus conclusion, keep stable, histological lesions, performance, reduce toxicity. optimal addition should be AFB1-contaminated diet.

Language: Английский

---

D-Carvone Attenuates CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and TGF-ß 1/SMAD3 Signaling Pathway

Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(5), P. 739 - 739

Published: May 12, 2022

D-carvone is a natural monoterpene found in abundance the essential oil of aromatic medicinal plants with wide range pharmacological values. However, impact on liver fibrosis remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate anti-fibrotic potential rat model and clarify possible underlying mechanisms. Liver was induced rats by carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 (2.5 mL/kg, interperitoneally every 72 h for 8 weeks). Oral treatment (50 mg/kg, daily) started 3rd week administration. significantly enhanced functions (ALT, AST), oxidant/antioxidant status (MDA, SOD, GSH, total antioxidant capacity; TAC), as well histopathological changes. Moreover, effectively attenuated progression fibrosis, evident decreased collagen deposition score Masson trichrome staining (MT) α-SMA protein expression. administration resulted significant downregulation pro-fibrogenic markers TGF-β1 SMAD3 upregulation MMP9. These findings reveal effect suggest regulation TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway, together activity mechanistic cassette, underlines this effect. Therefore, could be viable candidate inhibiting other oxidative stress-related hepatic diseases. Clinical studies support our hypothesis are warranted.

Language: Английский

---

Five glutathione S-transferase isozymes played crucial role in the detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in chicken liver

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(1)

Published: April 7, 2025

Abstract Background AFB 1 -8,9-exo-epoxide (AFBO) is the highly toxic product of Aflatoxin B (AFB ). Glutathione S -transferases (GSTs) play pivotal roles in detoxifying by catalyzing conjugation AFBO with glutathione (GSH). Although there are over 20 GST isozymes that have been identified chicken, involved detoxification process not yet. The objective this study was to determine which played key role . Results A total 17 pcDNA3.1(+)-GST isozyme plasmids were constructed and genes overexpressed 80–2,500,000 folds chicken Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells. Compared treatment, overexpression GSTA2X, GSTA3, GSTT1L, GSTZ1-1, GSTZ1-2 increased cell viability 6.5%–17.0% LMH Moreover, five reduced release lactate dehydrogenase reactive oxygen species 8.8%–64.4%, 57.2%–77.6%, respectively, as well enhanced production AFBO-GSH 15.8%–19.6%, thus mitigating DNA damage induced After comprehensive evaluation various indicators, GSTA2X displayed best effects against expressed Pichia pastoris X-33 its enzymatic properties for GSH showed optimum temperature pH 20–25 °C 7.6–8.6 kinetic parameter V max 0.23 nmol/min/mg Michaelis constant 86.05 μmol/L substrate. Conclusions In conclusion, detoxification, will provide new remediation strategies prevent aflatoxicosis chickens.

Language: Английский

---

Pathological Role of Oxidative Stress in Aflatoxin-Induced Toxicity in Different Experimental Models and Protective Effect of Phytochemicals: A Review

Molecules, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(14), P. 5369 - 5369

Published: July 13, 2023

Aflatoxin B1 is a secondary metabolite with potentially devastating effect in causing liver damage broiler chickens, and this mainly facilitated through the generation of oxidative stress malonaldehyde build-up. In past few years, significant progress has been made controlling invasion aflatoxins. Phytochemicals are some commonly used molecules endowed potential therapeutic effects to ameliorate aflatoxin, by inhibiting production reactive oxygen species enhancing intracellular antioxidant enzymes. Experimental models involving cell cultures chickens exposed aflatoxin or contaminated diet have investigate ameliorative phytochemicals against toxicity. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar were identify relevant data sources. The retrieved information reported on link between B1-included cytotoxicity potential/role chickens. Importantly, showed that may protect B1-induced ameliorating antioxidants. Preclinical indicate activation nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2), together its downstream genes, be mechanism which neutralize stress. This highlights need for more research determine whether can considered useful intervention mycotoxins improve health productivity.

Language: Английский

---

Evaluation of Hepatic Detoxification Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera Polysaccharides against Aflatoxin B1 in Broiler Chickens

Antioxidants, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(9), P. 1757 - 1757

Published: Sept. 6, 2022

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a major risk factor in animal feed. Seaweed (Enteromorpha prolifera)-derived polysaccharides (SDP) are natural antioxidants with multiple biological functions, which may have an vivo detoxification effect on AFB1. The current study aimed to evaluate whether SDP could mitigate AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity broilers. A total of 216 chickens (male, 5 weeks old) were randomly allocated three groups differing feeding patterns, lasting 4 weeks: (1) control group (CON, fed basal diet); (2) AFB1 (fed diet mixed 0.1 mg/kg AFB1); and (3) + (AFB1 0.25% SDP). results showed that dietary improved the liver function-related biochemical indicators serum, reversed increase relative weight, hepatic apoptosis histological damage broilers exposed treatment also reduced activity mRNA expression phase I enzymes, while increasing II enzymes livers AFB1-exposed broilers, was involved activation p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK)/nuclear erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2) signaling. In conclusion, alleviated injury through inhibiting upregulating p38MAPK/Nrf2-mediated pathway.

Language: Английский

---