TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
172, P. 117563 - 117563
Published: Jan. 30, 2024
The
environmental
contamination
and
biological
impacts
of
tire
particles
their
associated
chemicals
is
great
concern.
Variously
termed
as
wear
(TWP),
road
(TRWP),
end-of-life
tires
(ELTs)
to
differentiate
between
possible
compositions
sources
in
the
environment,
these
rubber
are
a
major
source
plastic
pollution.
array
added
that
leach
into
environment
presents
an
additional
environmental,
toxicological
regulatory
challenge.
In
this
review,
we
define
several
topic
areas
relevant
study
particles,
outlining
current
state
ongoing
challenges.
Emissions
estimates
needed
establish
loads
based
on
dated,
summarised
dataset
rather
than
measured
data,
but
determining
presence
hampered
by
lack
standardised
sampling
methods.
Several
techniques
for
analysis
available,
variability
model
composition
makes
selection
analytical
markers
challenging,
does
commercial
standards.
Toxicologically,
there
remains
need
delineate
particle
leachate
effects
and,
addition,
investigate
emerging
concern
transformation
products.
Such
knowledge
required
feed
processes
which
currently
regulate
constituents
separately
whole
tire.
Technological
solutions
capture
or
replace
progressing,
often
outside
academia,
it
important
scientific
community
collaborate
with
those
attempting
reduce
impact
tires,
including
industry.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
57(10), P. 4143 - 4152
Published: March 2, 2023
To
assess
the
contamination
and
potential
risk
of
snow
melt
with
polar
compounds,
road
background
was
sampled
during
a
melting
event
at
23
sites
city
Leipzig
screened
for
489
chemicals
using
liquid
chromatography
high-resolution
mass
spectrometry
target
screening.
Additionally,
six
24
h
composite
samples
were
taken
from
influent
effluent
wastewater
treatment
plant
(WWTP)
event.
207
compounds
least
detected
once
(concentrations
between
0.80
ng/L
75
μg/L).
Consistent
patterns
traffic-related
dominated
chemical
profile
(58
in
concentrations
1.3
to
μg/L)
among
them
2-benzothiazole
sulfonic
acid
1-cyclohexyl-3-phenylurea
tire
wear
denatonium
used
as
bittern
vehicle
fluids.
Besides,
analysis
unveiled
presence
rubber
additive
6-PPD
its
transformation
product
N-(1.3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
quinone
(6-PPDQ)
known
cause
acute
toxicity
sensitive
fish
species.
The
also
149
other
such
food
additives,
pharmaceuticals,
pesticides.
Several
biocides
identified
major
contributors,
more
site-specific
occurrence,
toxic
risks
algae
(five
samples)
invertebrates
(six
samples).
Ametryn,
flumioxazin,
1,2-cyclohexane
dicarboxylic
diisononyl
ester
are
main
contributing
algae,
while
etofenprox
bendiocarb
found
contributors
crustacean
risk.
Correlations
WWTP
flow
rate
allowed
us
discriminate
urban
runoff
sources
dominant
sources.
Removal
rates
showed
that
some
largely
eliminated
(removal
higher
than
80%)
6-PPDQ,
others
persisted
WWTP.
The Science of The Total Environment,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
904, P. 166679 - 166679
Published: Sept. 4, 2023
Tire
and
road
wear
particles
(TRWP)
are
generated
in
large
quantity
by
automobile
traffic
on
roads
but
their
way
of
degradation
the
environment
is
largely
unclear.
Laboratory
experiments
were
performed
effect
elevated
temperature
(simulating
2-3
years),
sunlight
exposure
0.5
years)
mechanical
stress
physical
properties
chemical
composition
TRWP
cryo-milled
tire
tread
(CMTT).
No
significant
effects
observed
applied
mean
pristine
particles.
After
up
to
40
%
mass
lost
from
TRWP,
likely
due
loss
mineral
incrustations
surface.
The
CMTT
was
characterized
determining
27
compounds,
antioxidants
(phenylene
diamines),
vulcanization
agents
(benzothiazoles
guanidines)
transformation
products
(TPs).
Extractables
(580-850
μg/g)
dominated
TPs,
namely
benzothiazolesulfonic
acid
(BTSA).
showed
much
higher
amounts
extractables
(4600
which
parent
chemicals
such
as
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine
(6-PPD),
diphenylguanidine
(DPG)
mercaptobenzothiazole
(MBT).
Sunlight
affected
amount
more
strongly
than
temperature,
for
(-45
vs
-20
%)
(-80
-25
provoked
a
clear
shift
compounds
TPs.
BTSA
DPG.
drastically
reduced
6-PPD
extracted
both,
(-93
%,
-98
%),
while
its
quinone
(6-PPDQ)
increased
around
1
decrease,
only.
For
many
concentration
leachates
extracts,
indicating
ongoing
during
leaching.
These
results
highlight
that
abiotic
aging
leads
strong
changes
affect
particle
relevance
environmental
tire-related
chemicals.
Water Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
253, P. 121322 - 121322
Published: Feb. 15, 2024
The
fate
of
organic
compounds
released
from
tire
wear
particle
(TWP)
in
the
aquatic
environment
is
still
poorly
understood.
This
especially
true
near
sources
where
biotic
and
abiotic
transformation
leaching
TWP
are
simultaneous
competing
processes.
To
address
this
knowledge-gap
an
experiment
was
performed,
allowing
for
biodegradation
(a)
during
a
suspension
cryo-milled
tread
(CMTT)
(b)
subsequent
to
leaching.
Besides
measuring
Dissolved
Organic
Carbon
(DOC)
content,
19
tire-related
chemicals
were
quantified,
non-target
screening
performed
by
LC-HRMS.
non-inoculated
control
exhibited
DOC
up
4
mg
g−1,
with
700
µg
g−1
1,3-diphenylguanidine
(DPG)
as
most
prominent
compound,
followed
three
benzothiazoles
(2-mercaptobenzothiazole
(2-MBT),
2-hydroxybenzothiazole
(2-OHBT)
benzothiazole-2-sulfonic
acid
(BTSA);
50
each)
4-hydroxydiphenylamine
(4-HDPA)
(50
g−1).
Biodegradation
reduced
88%
concentration
more
than
85%.
At
end
hexamethoxymethylmelamine
(HMMM)
single
(18
Non-target
showed
complex
picture.
Another
25
products
(TPs)
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(6-PPD)
44
TPs
derivatives
related
DPG
detected
solution,
which
11
28
present
after
or
formed
biodegradation,
respectively.
Of
these
39
derivatives,
31
could
be
road
runoff
samples.
study
provides
comprehensive
picture
leachables
particles
that
environmental
relevance.
It
also
outlines
additives
production
use
may
deserve
attention
leachables.
large
extent
suggests
settling
ponds
useful
treatment
option
runoff.
Environmental Pollution,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
348, P. 123835 - 123835
Published: March 21, 2024
Plastic
pollution,
including
micro-
and
nanoplastics,
is
a
growing
concern.
Tyre-wear
particles
(TWPs)
are
the
second
largest
source
of
microplastics
in
ocean
following
abrasion
synthetic
fibres.
In
addition
to
themselves,
TWPs
contain
many
harmful
chemicals,
6PPD.
This
chemical
reacts
with
atmospheric
ozone
forms
toxic
compound
6PPD-quinone
(6PPDq),
which
poses
danger
aquatic
life.
There
knowledge
gap
understanding
risks
associated
combined
toxicity
nanoplastics
(NPs)
6PPDq.
The
present
study
aimed
investigate
NPs
6PPDq
on
adult
zebrafish
using
phenotypic
(behaviour,
histology)
transcriptomic
endpoints.
Zebrafish
were
exposed
four
treatments:
control
(contaminant-free),
50
μg/L
6PPDq,
3
mg/L
polystyrene
(PS)-NPs,
combination
PS-NPs.
We
did
not
observe
locomotory
dysregulation
NPs.
However,
we
found
significant
hyperlocomotion
this
effect
was
even
more
substantial
after
co-exposure
explores
molecular
mechanisms
behind
these
effects,
identifying
genes
neurotransmitters
fatty
acid
metabolism
that
dysregulated
by
co-exposure.
Transcriptomic
analysis
further
showed
both
PS-NPs
impacted
cellular
processes
sterol
biosynthesis,
cholesterol
metabolism,
muscle
tissue
development.
effects
stronger
co-exposed
zebrafish,
indicating
heightened
risk
integrity
mitochondrial
dysfunction.
These
results
highlight
significance
mixture
when
studying
chemicals
like
