The Science of The Total Environment,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
929, P. 172674 - 172674
Published: April 23, 2024
One
way
of
recycling
end-of-life
tires
is
by
shredding
them
to
obtain
crumb
rubber,
a
microplastic
material
(<0.5
mm),
used
as
infill
in
artificial
turf
sports
fields
or
playground
flooring.
There
emerging
concern
about
the
health
and
environmental
consequences
that
this
type
surfaces
can
cause.
This
research
aims
develop
an
analytical
methodology
able
determine
11
compounds
concern,
including
antiozonants
such
N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(6PPD)
N,
N´-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine
(DPPD),
vulcanization
crosslinking
agents,
N-cyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide
(CBS),
1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine
(DTG)
hexamethoxymethylmelamine
(HMMM)
from
tire
rubber.
Ultrasound
assisted
extraction
followed
liquid
chromatography
coupled
tandem
mass
spectrometry
(UAE-LC-MS/MS)
validated
demonstrating
suitability.
The
applied
monitor
target
forty
real
rubber
samples
different
origin
including,
football
pitches,
outdoor
indoor
playgrounds,
urban
pavements,
commercial
samples,
tires.
Several
alternative
materials,
sand,
cork
granulates,
thermoplastic
elastomers
coconut
fibres,
are
also
collected
analysed.
All
analytes
identified
quantified
samples.
antiozonant
6PPD
present
at
highest
concentrations
up
0.2
%
new
synthetic
fields.
rubber-derived
chemical
6PPD-quinone
(2-((4-methylpentan-2-yl)amino)-5-(phenylamino)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione),
recently
linked
acute
mortality
salmons,
found
all
types
attaining
40
μg
g−1
pitches.
agent
HMMM
detected
most
playing
surfaces,
36
g−1.
tested
alternatives
free
compounds.
To
best
our
knowledge,
study
largest
considering
particles
first
focus
on
these
playgrounds
analysis
HMMM,
DTG
material.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
57(14), P. 5621 - 5632
Published: March 30, 2023
6PPD,
a
tire
rubber
antioxidant,
poses
substantial
ecological
risks
because
it
can
form
highly
toxic
quinone
transformation
product
(TP),
6PPD-quinone
(6PPDQ),
during
exposure
to
gas-phase
ozone.
Important
data
gaps
exist
regarding
the
structures,
reaction
mechanisms,
and
environmental
occurrence
of
TPs
from
6PPD
ozonation.
To
address
these
gaps,
ozonation
was
conducted
over
24–168
h
were
characterized
using
high-resolution
mass
spectrometry.
The
probable
structures
proposed
for
23
with
5
subsequently
standard-verified.
Consistent
prior
findings,
6PPDQ
(C18H22N2O2)
one
major
in
(∼1
19%
yield).
Notably,
not
observed
6QDI
(N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-quinonediimine),
indicating
that
formation
does
proceed
through
or
associated
TPs.
Other
included
multiple
C18H22N2O
C18H22N2O2
isomers,
presumptive
N-oxide,
N,N′-dioxide,
orthoquinone
structures.
Standard-verified
quantified
roadway-impacted
samples,
total
concentrations
130
±
3.2
μg/g
methanol
extracts
tread
wear
particles
(TWPs),
34
4
μg/g-TWP
aqueous
TWP
leachates,
2700
1500
ng/L
roadway
runoff,
1900
1200
creeks.
These
demonstrate
are
likely
an
important
ubiquitous
class
contaminants
environments.
Environmental Chemistry Letters,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
21(6), P. 3055 - 3062
Published: Aug. 14, 2023
Abstract
Microplastic
pollution
is
occurring
in
most
ecosystem,
yet
their
presence
high
altitude
clouds
and
influence
on
cloud
formation
climate
change
are
poorly
known.
Here
we
analyzed
microplastics
water
sampled
at
the
summits
of
Japan
mountains
1300–3776
m
by
attenuated
total
reflection
imaging
micro-Fourier
transform
infrared
spectroscopy.
We
observed
nine
including
polyethylene,
polypropylene,
polyethylene
terephthalate,
polymethyl
methacrylate,
polyamide
6,
polycarbonate,
ethylene–propylene
copolymer
or
polyethylene–polypropylene
alloy,
polyurethane,
epoxy
resin.
were
fragmented,
with
mean
concentrations
ranging
from
6.7
to
13.9
pieces
per
liter,
Feret
diameters
7.1
94.6
μm.
Microplastics
bearing
hydrophilic
groups
such
as
carbonyl
and/or
hydroxyl
abundant,
suggesting
that
they
might
have
acted
condensation
nuclei
ice
water.
Overall,
our
finding
suggest
high-altitude
and,
turn,
modify
climate.
Environmental Science & Technology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
57(36), P. 13429 - 13438
Published: Aug. 29, 2023
The
rubber
antioxidant
6PPD
has
gained
significant
attention
due
to
its
highly
toxic
transformation
product,
6PPD-quinone
(6PPDQ).
Despite
their
detection
in
urines
of
pregnant
women,
the
placental
transfer
and
developmental
toxicity
6PPDQ
are
unknown.
Here,
we
treated
C57Bl/6
mice
with
4
mg/kg
or
investigate
urine
excretion
transfer.
Female
male
exhibited
sex
difference
profiles
6PPDQ.
Urine
concentrations
were
one
order
magnitude
lower
than
those
6PPD,
suggesting
higher
bioaccumulation
In
from
embryonic
day
11.5
15.5,
showed
∼1.5–8
times
placenta,
embryo
body,
brain,
Using
vitro
dual-luciferase
reporter
assays,
revealed
that
activated
human
retinoic
acid
receptor
α
(RARα)
retinoid
X
(RXRα)
at
as
low
0.3
μM,
which
was
∼10-fold
detected
urines.
RXRα
1.2
μM.
These
results
demonstrate
exposure
risks
during
pregnancy
emphasize
need
for
further
toxicological
epidemiological
investigations.
