The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health

Annals of Global Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 89(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2023

Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances modern civilization in fields as diverse medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for harms human health, economy, earth's environment. These occur at every stage plastic life cycle, from extraction coal, oil, gas its main feedstocks through ultimate disposal into The extent these not been systematically assessed, their magnitude fully quantified, economic costs comprehensively counted.The goals this Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Human Health examine plastics' impacts across cycle on: (1) health well-being; (2) global environment, especially ocean; (3) economy; (4) vulnerable populations-the poor, minorities, world's children. On basis examination, offers science-based recommendations designed support development a Global Treaty, protect save lives.This report contains seven Sections. Following an Introduction, Section 2 presents narrative review processes involved production, use, notes hazards environment associated with each stages. 3 describes ocean potential enter marine web result exposure. 4 details health. 5 first-order estimate health-related costs. 6 examines intersection between plastic, social inequity, environmental injustice. 7 Commission's findings recommendations.Plastics complex, highly heterogeneous, synthetic chemical materials. Over 98% produced fossil carbon- oil gas. comprised carbon-based polymer backbone thousands additional chemicals incorporated polymers convey specific properties such color, flexibility, stability, water repellence, flame retardation, ultraviolet resistance. Many added toxic. They include carcinogens, neurotoxicants endocrine disruptors phthalates, bisphenols, per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated retardants, organophosphate retardants. integral components many environment.Global production has increased almost exponentially since World War II, time more than 8,300 megatons (Mt) manufactured. Annual volume grown under Mt 1950 460 2019, 230-fold increase, track triple by 2060. More half all ever 2002. Single-use account 35-40% current represent rapidly growing segment manufacture.Explosive recent growth reflects deliberate pivot integrated multinational fossil-carbon corporations produce manufacture plastics. reducing fuels increasing manufacture. two principal factors decreasing demand due increases 'green' energy, massive expansion fracking.Plastic energy-intensive contributes significantly climate change. At present, estimated 3.7% greenhouse emissions, contribution Brazil. This fraction projected increase 4.5% 2060 if trends continue unchecked.The three phases: disposal. In carbon feedstocks-coal, gas, oil-are transformed energy-intensive, catalytic vast array products. Plastic use occurs aspect results widespread exposure contained plastic. constitute largest portion followed fibers construction.Plastic inefficient, recovery recycling rates below 10% globally. 22 waste enters year, much it single-use gigatons accumulated 1950. Strategies controlled uncontrolled landfilling, open burning, thermal conversion, export. Vast quantities exported year high-income low-income countries, where accumulates landfills, pollutes air water, degrades vital ecosystems, befouls beaches estuaries, health-environmental injustice scale. Plastic-laden e-waste particularly problematic.Plastics plastic-associated pollution. contaminate aquatic (marine freshwater), terrestrial, atmospheric environments destination found throughout ocean, including coastal regions, sea surface, deep sea, polar ice. appear resist breakdown could persist decades. Macro- micro-plastic particles identified hundreds species major taxa, consumed humans. Trophic transfer microplastic within them demonstrated. Although themselves (>10 µm) undergo biomagnification, hydrophobic bioaccumulate animals biomagnify webs. amounts fates smaller nanoplastic (MNPs <10 poorly understood, but harm worrying given mobility biological systems. Adverse pollution multiple levels molecular biochemical population ecosystem. MNP contamination seafood direct, though well chemicals. Marine endangers ecosystems upon which depends food, oxygen, livelihood, well-being.Coal miners, workers field who extract suffer mortality traumatic injury, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary lung cancer. risk leukemia, lymphoma, hepatic angiosarcoma, brain cancer, breast mesothelioma, neurotoxic decreased fertility. Workers producing textiles die bladder interstitial disease rates. toxic metal poisoning, neuropathy, Residents "fenceline" communities adjacent sites experience risks premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, childhood cancer.During disposal, release additives residual monomers people. National biomonitoring surveys USA document population-wide exposures disrupt function births, neurodevelopmental disorders, male reproductive defects, infertility, obesity, renal cancers. Chemical-laden MNPs formed degradation can living organisms, Emerging, albeit still incomplete evidence indicates may cause toxicity physical toxicological effects acting vectors transport bacterial pathogens tissues cells.Infants womb young children populations high plastic-related effects. Because exquisite sensitivity early hazardous children's unique patterns exposure, linked prematurity, stillbirth, defects organs, impairment, impaired growth, Early-life non-communicable diseases later life.Plastic's We 2015 exceeded $250 billion (2015 Int$) globally, alone disability caused PBDE, BPA DEHP $920 Int$). (GHG) emissions equivalent 1.96 dioxide (CO2e) annually. Using US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) cost metric, we annual GHG be $341 Int$).These costs, large they are, certainly underestimate full losses resulting negative All costs-and costs-are externalized petrochemical manufacturing industry borne citizens, taxpayers, governments countries around world without compensation.The adverse economy evenly distributed. disproportionately affect disempowered, marginalized workers, racial ethnic communities, Indigenous groups, women, children, whom had little do creating crisis lack political influence or resources address it. Plastics' harmful keenly felt South, small island states, disenfranchised areas North. Social justice (SEJ) principles require reversal inequitable burdens ensure no group bears disproportionate share those benefit economically bear fair currently costs.It clear sustainable societal injustices.The driver worsening exponential accelerating production. further magnified long persistence environment.The plastics-monomers, additives, processing agents, non-intentionally substances-include amongst number known disruptors, neurotoxicants, persistent organic pollutants. planetary leach out plastics, pollution, disease. efforts reduce must chemicals.To at-risk populations, put end 2040, supports urgent adoption nations strong comprehensive Treaty accord mandate set forth March 2022 resolution United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).International measures needed curb because transcend national boundaries, scale, well-being people poorest nations. Effective implementation will international action coordinated complemented interventions national, regional, local levels.This urges cap targets, timetables, contributions central provision Treaty. recommend inclusion following provisions:The needs extend beyond microplastics litter plastics.The banning severely restricting unnecessary, avoidable, problematic items, items manufactured microbeads.The requirements extended producer responsibility (EPR) make producers, manufacturers products legally financially safety end-of-life management materials sell.The reductions complexity products; health-protective standards additives; requirement non-toxic materials; disclosure components; traceability components. International cooperation essential implementing enforcing standards.The SEJ remedies fill gaps community knowledge advance both distributional procedural equity.This encourages calling exploration listing least pollutants (POPs) Stockholm Convention.This interface Basel London Conventions enhance slow exports least-developed countries.This recommends creation Permanent Science Policy Advisory Body guide Treaty's implementation. priorities would Member States other stakeholders evaluating solutions effective consumption, enhancing recycling, curbing generation waste. assess trade-offs among evaluate safer alternatives monitor transnational export coordinate robust oceanic-, land-, air-based monitoring programs.This investment research crisis. need determine cost-effective context particular proposed solutions. Oceanographic better measure concentrations µm understand distribution fate Biomedical elucidate MNPs.This finds boon stealth threat enormous benefits, linear pay attention design safe near absence recovery, reuse, grave damage, injustices. worsening.While there remain about uncertainties magnitude, available today demonstrates unequivocally severity intervention Manufacture continue. However, reckless ever-increasing unnecessary products, curbed.Global against failure act immense.

Language: Английский

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Analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and potential toxicity of tire wear compounds 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 452, P. 131245 - 131245

Published: March 21, 2023

Language: Английский

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Transformation Products of Tire Rubber Antioxidant 6PPD in Heterogeneous Gas-Phase Ozonation: Identification and Environmental Occurrence

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57(14), P. 5621 - 5632

Published: March 30, 2023

6PPD, a tire rubber antioxidant, poses substantial ecological risks because it can form highly toxic quinone transformation product (TP), 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ), during exposure to gas-phase ozone. Important data gaps exist regarding the structures, reaction mechanisms, and environmental occurrence of TPs from 6PPD ozonation. To address these gaps, ozonation was conducted over 24–168 h were characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The probable structures proposed for 23 with 5 subsequently standard-verified. Consistent prior findings, 6PPDQ (C18H22N2O2) one major in (∼1 19% yield). Notably, not observed 6QDI (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-quinonediimine), indicating that formation does proceed through or associated TPs. Other included multiple C18H22N2O C18H22N2O2 isomers, presumptive N-oxide, N,N′-dioxide, orthoquinone structures. Standard-verified quantified roadway-impacted samples, total concentrations 130 ± 3.2 μg/g methanol extracts tread wear particles (TWPs), 34 4 μg/g-TWP aqueous TWP leachates, 2700 1500 ng/L roadway runoff, 1900 1200 creeks. These demonstrate are likely an important ubiquitous class contaminants environments.

Language: Английский

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6PPD and its metabolite 6PPDQ induce different developmental toxicities and phenotypes in embryonic zebrafish

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 455, P. 131601 - 131601

Published: May 8, 2023

Language: Английский

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Environmental Occurrence and Toxicity of 6PPD Quinone, an Emerging Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical: A Review

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(10), P. 815 - 823

Published: Sept. 1, 2023

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is a chemical added to tires prevent their oxidative degradation. 6PPD highly reactive with ozone and oxygen, leading the formation of transformation products such as quinone (6PPDQ) on tire surfaces and, subsequently, in road wear particles. 6PPDQ toxicant that has been found roadway runoff receiving water systems. Its presence municipal stormwater led acute mortality coho salmon during migration urban creeks reproduce, generating global interest studying its occurrence toxicity environment. This review aims provide critical overview current state knowledge 6PPDQ, assisting researchers policymakers understanding potential impacts this emerging environment human health. As there are many unanswered questions surrounding further research needed. highlights importance including regulations for 6PPD, well all synthetic chemicals concern.

Language: Английский

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Acute Toxicity of 6PPD‐Quinone to Early Life Stage Juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Salmon

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 42(4), P. 815 - 822

Published: Jan. 24, 2023

Abstract The breakdown product of the rubber tire antioxidant N ‐(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐ N' ‐phenyl‐ p ‐phenylenediamine‐quinone (6PPD)‐6‐PPD‐quinone has been strongly implicated in toxic injury and death coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) urban waterways. Whereas recent studies have reported a wide range sensitivity to 6PPD‐quinone several fish species, little is known about risks Chinook tshawytscha ), primary prey endangered Southern Resident killer whales Orcinus orca subject much concern. face numerous conservation threats Canada United States, with many populations assessed as either or threatened. We evaluated acute toxicity newly feeding (~3 weeks post swim‐up) juvenile coho. Juvenile were exposed for 24 h under static conditions five concentrations 6PPD‐quinone. 3 orders magnitude more sensitive compared Chinook, 24‐h median lethal concentration (LC50) estimates 41.0 than 67 307 ng/L, respectively. LC50 was 2.3‐fold lower what previously 1+‐year‐old (95 ng/L), highlighting value evaluating age‐related differences this tire‐related chemical. Both species exhibited typical symptomology (gasping, increased ventilation, loss equilibrium, erratic swimming), that symptomatic generally exhibiting mortality. values derived from our study are below measured salmon‐bearing waterways, suggesting potential population‐level consequences waters. higher relative merits further investigation, including population‐relevant sublethal effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:815–822. © 2023 His Majesty King Right Authors. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf SETAC. Reproduced permission Minister Fisheries Oceans Canada.

Language: Английский

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Urine Excretion, Organ Distribution, and Placental Transfer of 6PPD and 6PPD-Quinone in Mice and Potential Developmental Toxicity through Nuclear Receptor Pathways

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57(36), P. 13429 - 13438

Published: Aug. 29, 2023

The rubber antioxidant 6PPD has gained significant attention due to its highly toxic transformation product, 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ). Despite their detection in urines of pregnant women, the placental transfer and developmental toxicity 6PPDQ are unknown. Here, we treated C57Bl/6 mice with 4 mg/kg or investigate urine excretion transfer. Female male exhibited sex difference profiles 6PPDQ. Urine concentrations were one order magnitude lower than those 6PPD, suggesting higher bioaccumulation In from embryonic day 11.5 15.5, showed ∼1.5–8 times placenta, embryo body, brain, Using vitro dual-luciferase reporter assays, revealed that activated human retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) retinoid X (RXRα) at as low 0.3 μM, which was ∼10-fold detected urines. RXRα 1.2 μM. These results demonstrate exposure risks during pregnancy emphasize need for further toxicological epidemiological investigations.

Language: Английский

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Uptake and Biotransformation of the Tire Rubber-derived Contaminants 6-PPD and 6-PPD Quinone in the Zebrafish Embryo (Danio rerio)

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 57(41), P. 15598 - 15607

Published: Oct. 2, 2023

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is a widely used antioxidant in tire rubber known to enter the aquatic environment via road runoff. The associated transformation product (TP) 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) causes extreme acute toxicity some fish species (e.g., coho salmon). To interpret species-specific toxicity, information about biotransformation products of 6-PPDQ would be relevant. This study investigated toxicokinetics and zebrafish embryo (ZFE) model. Over 96 h exposure, accumulated ZFE with concentration factors ranging from 140 2500 for 70 220 6-PPDQ. A total 22 TPs 12 were tentatively identified using liquid chromatography coupled high-resolution mass spectrometry. After exposure 6-PPD, comprised 47% peak area (TPA), 4-hydroxydiphenylamine being most prominent ZFE. Upon >95% taken up was biotransformed, + O glucuronide dominating (>80% TPA). Among other reactive N-phenyl-p-benzoquinone imine found. knowledge this may support studies organisms.

Language: Английский

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Amino antioxidants: A review of their environmental behavior, human exposure, and aquatic toxicity

Chemosphere, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 317, P. 137913 - 137913

Published: Jan. 20, 2023

Language: Английский

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First Evidence of the Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Tire Additives and Their Transformation Products in an Estuarine Food Web

Environmental Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 58(14), P. 6370 - 6380

Published: March 18, 2024

The discovery of the significant lethal impacts tire additive transformation product N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) on coho salmon has garnered global attention. However, bioaccumulation and trophic transfer additives their products (TATPs) within food webs remain obscure. This study first characterized levels compositions 15 TATPs in Pearl River Estuary, estimated potential 21 estuarine species, identified priority contaminants. Our observations indicated that were prevalent environment. Eight, six, seven, 10 quantified shrimp, sea cucumber, snail, fish samples, with total mean 45, 56, 64, 67 ng/g (wet weight), respectively. N,N′-Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) N,N′-bis(2-methylphenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine (DTPD) exhibited high bioaccumulation. Significant biodilution was only for benzothiazole, while DPPD DTPD displayed biomagnification trends based Monte Carlo simulations. mechanisms trophodynamics could be explained by chemical hydrophobicity, molecular mass, metabolic rates. Based a multicriteria scoring technique, DPPD, DTPD, 6PPD-Q as work emphasizes importance biomonitoring, particularly specific hydrophobic additives.

Language: Английский

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