A Detailed Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Its Sub-Variants, Mutations and Pathophysiology, Clinical Characteristics, Immunological Landscape, Immune Escape, and Therapies

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 167 - 167

Published: Jan. 5, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant concern for everyone. Recent data from many worldwide reports suggest that most infections are caused by the Omicron variant and its sub-lineages, dominating all previously emerged variants. numerous mutations in Omicron’s viral genome sub-lineages attribute it a larger amount of fitness, owing to alteration transmission pathophysiology virus. With rapid change structure, sub-variants, namely BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5, dominate community with an ability escape neutralization efficiency induced prior vaccination or infections. Similarly, several recombinant sub-variants Omicron, XBB, XBD, XBF, etc., have emerged, which better understanding. This review mainly entails changes due having higher number mutations. binding affinity, cellular entry, disease severity, infection rates, importantly, immune evading potential them discussed this review. A comparative analysis Delta other variants evolved before gives readers in-depth understanding landscape infection. Furthermore, discusses range abilities possessed approved antiviral therapeutic molecules neutralizing antibodies functional against sub-variants. evolution is causing infections, but broader aspect their not been explored. Thus, scientific should adopt elucidative approach obtain clear idea about recently including variants, so effective vaccines drugs can be achieved. This, turn, will lead drop cases and, finally, end pandemic.

Language: Английский

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COVID-19 vaccine update: vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, boosters, adverse effects, and immune correlates of protection

Journal of Biomedical Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 29(1)

Published: Oct. 15, 2022

Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the most severe public health challenge in this century. Two years after its emergence, rapid development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines have successfully controlled pandemic greatly reduced risk illness death associated with COVID-19. However, due to ability rapidly evolve, SARS-CoV-2 virus may never be eradicated, there are many important new topics work on if we need live for a long time. To end, hope provide essential knowledge researchers who improvement future vaccines. In review, provided an up-to-date summary current vaccines, discussed biological basis clinical impact variants subvariants, analyzed effectiveness various vaccine booster regimens against different strains. Additionally, reviewed potential mechanisms vaccine-induced adverse events, summarized studies regarding immune correlates protection, finally, next-generation

Language: Английский

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Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) and its sublineages: What do we know so far amid the emergence of recombinant variants of SARS-CoV-2?

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 154, P. 113522 - 113522

Published: Aug. 15, 2022

Since the start of COVID-19 pandemic, numerous variants SARS-CoV-2 have been reported worldwide. The advent concern (VOCs) raises severe concerns amid serious containment efforts against that include physical measures, pharmacological repurposing, immunization, and genomic/community surveillance. Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has identified as a highly modified, contagious, crucial among five VOCs SARS-CoV-2. increased affinity spike protein (S-protein), host receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), due to higher number mutations in receptor-binding domain (RBD) S-protein proposed primary reason for decreased efficacy majorly available vaccines transmissible nature variant. Because its significant competitive advantage, sublineages swiftly surpassed other become dominant circulating lineages nations. prevalent strain United Kingdom South Africa. Furthermore, emergence recombinant through conjunction with or by mixing variant's sublineages/subvariants poses major threat humanity. This various issues hazards regarding sublineages, such an breakout susceptible populations fully vaccinated persons. As result, understanding features genetic implications this is crucial. Hence, we explained depth evolution analyzed repercussions on infectiousness, dissemination ability, viral entry mechanism, immune evasion. We also presented viewpoint feasible strategies precluding counteracting any future catastrophic spread omicron could result detrimental wave cases.

Language: Английский

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Recent developments in the immunopathology of COVID‐19

Allergy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 78(2), P. 369 - 388

Published: Nov. 24, 2022

Abstract There has been an important change in the clinical characteristics and immune profile of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients during pandemic thanks to extensive vaccination programs. Here, we highlight recent studies on COVID‐19, from immunological protective risk factors for severity mortality COVID‐19. The efficacy COVID‐19 vaccines potential allergic reactions after administration are also discussed. occurrence new variants concerns such as Omicron BA.2, BA.4, BA.5 global have changed scenario Multisystem inflammatory syndrome children (MIS‐C) may cause severe heterogeneous but with a lower rate. Perturbations immunity T cells, B mast well autoantibodies metabolic reprogramming contribute long‐term symptoms is conflicting evidence about whether atopic diseases, asthma rhinitis, associated susceptibility better outcomes At beginning pandemic, European Academy Allergy Clinical Immunology (EAACI) developed guidelines that provided timely information management diseases preventive measures reduce transmission clinics. distribution emerging acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) reduced pathogenic dramatically decreased morbidity, severity, Nevertheless, breakthrough infection remains challenge control. Hypersensitivity (HSR) low compared other vaccines, these were addressed EAACI statements indications reactions, including anaphylaxis vaccines. We gained depth knowledge experience over years since start yet full eradication SARS‐CoV‐2 not horizon. Novel strategies warranted prevent high‐risk groups, development MIS‐C long

Language: Английский

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From Alpha to Omicron: How Different Variants of Concern of the SARS-Coronavirus-2 Impacted the World

Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(9), P. 1267 - 1267

Published: Sept. 21, 2023

SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is prone to mutations and generation of genetic variants. Since its first outbreak in 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has continually evolved, resulting emergence several lineages variants concern (VOC) have gained more efficient transmission, severity, immune evasion properties. The World Health Organization given these names according letters Greek Alphabet, starting with Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant, which emerged 2020, followed by Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), Omicron (B.1.1.529) This review explores variation among different VOCs how made a global impact on pandemic.

Language: Английский

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Conversion of monoclonal IgG to dimeric and secretory IgA restores neutralizing ability and prevents infection of Omicron lineages

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 121(3)

Published: Jan. 9, 2024

The emergence of Omicron lineages and descendent subvariants continues to present a severe threat the effectiveness vaccines therapeutic antibodies. We have previously suggested that an insufficient mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) response induced by mRNA is associated with surge in breakthrough infections. Here, we further show intramuscular and/or inactivated cannot sufficiently boost secretory IgA uninfected individuals, particularly against variant. thus engineered characterized recombinant monomeric, dimeric, IgA1 antibodies derived from four neutralizing IgG monoclonal (mAbs 01A05, rmAb23, DXP-604, XG014) targeting receptor-binding domain spike protein. Compared their parental antibodies, dimeric showed higher activity different variants concern (VOCs), part due increased avidity. Importantly, or form DXP-604 antibody significantly outperformed its antibody, neutralized BA.1, BA.2, BA.4/5 25- 75-fold increase potency. In human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transgenic mice, single intranasal dose conferred prophylactic protection BA.5. Thus, delivered nasal administration may potentially be exploited for treatment prevention infection, thereby providing alternative tool combating immune evasion current circulating and, potentially, future VOCs.

Language: Английский

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Omicron BA.2 breakthrough infection enhances cross-neutralization of BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/BA.5

Science Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(77)

Published: Sept. 20, 2022

BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals after Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection have strong serum-neutralizing activity against BA.1, BA.2, and previous SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) yet less the highly contagious sublineages BA.4 BA.5 that displaced variants. Because latter are derived from we characterized COVID-19 mRNA vaccine triple-immunized who experienced BA.2 infection. We demonstrate sera these broadly neutralizing VOCs all tested sublineages, including BA.2-derived BA.2.12.1 BA.4/BA.5. Furthermore, applying antibody depletion, showed neutralization BA.4/BA.5 by convalescent is driven to a considerable extent antibodies targeting N-terminal domain (NTD) spike glycoprotein. However, depends exclusively on receptor binding (RBD). These findings suggest exposure in contrast glycoprotein, triggers substantial NTD-specific recall responses vaccinated thereby enhances sublineages. Given current epidemiology with predominance such as rapidly ongoing evolution, helped inform development our BA.4/BA.5-adapted vaccine.

Language: Английский

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Outcomes of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during resurgence driven by Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5 compared with previous waves in the Western Cape Province, South Africa

International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 127, P. 63 - 68

Published: Nov. 25, 2022

a b s t r c Objectives: We aimed to compare the clinical severity of Omicron BA.4/BA.5 infection with BA.1 and earlier variant infections among laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in Western Cape, South Africa, using timing infer lineage/variant causing infection.Methods: included public sector patients aged ≥20 years COVID-19 between May 01-May 21, 2022 (BA.4/BA.5 wave) equivalent previous wave periods.We compared risk waves (i) death (ii) severe hospitalization/death (all within 21 days diagnosis) Cox regression adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, admission pressure, vaccination, infection.Results: Among 3793 from 190,836 waves, was similar (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93; 1.34).Both had lower outcomes than waves.Previous (aHR 0.29, CI 0.24; 0.36) vaccination 0.17; 0.07; 0.40 at least three doses vs no vaccine) were protective.Conclusion: Disease diagnosed BA .4/BA.5 .1 periods context growing immunity against due both which strongly protective.

Language: Английский

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Recent review of COVID-19 management: diagnosis, treatment and vaccination

Pharmacological Reports, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 74(6), P. 1120 - 1148

Published: Oct. 10, 2022

Language: Английский

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Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: An Indian Perspective of Vaccination and Management

Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(1), P. 160 - 160

Published: Jan. 11, 2023

Omicron variants have highly influenced the entire globe. It has a high rate of transmissibility, which makes its management tedious. There are various subtypes omicron, namely BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5. Currently, one omicron subvariant BF.7 is also immersed in some parts India. Further studies required for better understanding new immersing SARS-CoV-2 omicron. They differ mutation spike proteins, alters their attachment to host receptor hence modifies virulence adaptability. Delta great disastrous influence on world, especially While overcoming it, another mutant catches pace. The Indian population affected by variants. diagnosis system against COVID-19. demanded forcemeat health care system, both qualitatively quantitively, cope with wave. alteration protein, major target vaccines, leads varied immunization subvariants. efficacy vaccines variant was questioned. Every vaccine had different shielding effect variant. hesitancy vaccination prevalent factor India that might contributed outbreak. prevalence monkeypox, tomato flu shared similarities distinct features when compared population. This review emphasizes changes brings it how outrage this dangerous

Language: Английский

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