The Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Regulate Colonic T _reg Cell Homeostasis

Science, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 341(6145), P. 569 - 573

Published: July 5, 2013

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for regulating intestinal inflammation. Candidate microbe approaches have identified bacterial species and strain-specific molecules can affect immune responses, including modulate Treg responses. Because neither all humans nor mice harbor same strains, we posited more prevalent factors exist regulate number function of colonic Tregs. We determined short-chain fatty acids, gut microbiota-derived fermentation products, size pool protect against colitis in a Ffar2-dependent manner mice. Our study reveals class abundant microbial metabolites underlies adaptive microbiota coadaptation promotes homeostasis health.

Language: Английский

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Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 14(8), P. e1002533 - e1002533

Published: Aug. 19, 2016

Reported values in the literature on number of cells body differ by orders magnitude and are very seldom supported any measurements or calculations. Here, we integrate most up-to-date information human bacterial body. We estimate total bacteria 70 kg "reference man" to be 3.8·1013. For cells, identify dominant role hematopoietic lineage count (≈90%) revise past estimates 3.0·1013 cells. Our analysis also updates widely-cited 10:1 ratio, showing that is actually same order as their mass about 0.2 kg.

Language: Английский

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Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers

Nature, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 500(7464), P. 541 - 546

Published: Aug. 27, 2013

Language: Английский

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Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism

Nature, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 489(7415), P. 242 - 249

Published: Sept. 1, 2012

Language: Английский

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Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour

Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 13(10), P. 701 - 712

Published: Sept. 12, 2012

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiome modulates response to anti–PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients

Science, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 359(6371), P. 97 - 103

Published: Nov. 2, 2017

Preclinical mouse models suggest that the gut microbiome modulates tumor response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy; however, this has not been well-characterized in human cancer patients. Here we examined oral and of melanoma patients undergoing anti-programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) immunotherapy (

Language: Английский

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The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiota from Twins Discordant for Obesity Modulate Metabolism in Mice

Science, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 341(6150)

Published: Sept. 5, 2013

The role of specific gut microbes in shaping body composition remains unclear. We transplanted fecal microbiota from adult female twin pairs discordant for obesity into germ-free mice fed low-fat mouse chow, as well diets representing different levels saturated fat and fruit vegetable consumption typical the U.S. diet. Increased total mass, obesity-associated metabolic phenotypes, were transmissible with uncultured communities their corresponding bacterial culture collections. Cohousing harboring an obese twin's (Ob) containing lean co-twin's (Ln) prevented development increased mass phenotypes Ob cage mates. Rescue correlated invasion members Bacteroidetes Ln was diet-dependent. These findings reveal transmissible, rapid, modifiable effects diet-by-microbiota interactions.

Language: Английский

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The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Human Health: An Integrative View

Cell, Journal Year: 2012, Volume and Issue: 148(6), P. 1258 - 1270

Published: March 1, 2012

Language: Английский

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Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 19(1), P. 55 - 71

Published: Sept. 4, 2020

Language: Английский

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