Frontiers in Neurology,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
5
Published: Oct. 24, 2014
Sensorineural
hearing
loss
induced
by
noise
or
ototoxic
drug
exposure
reduces
the
neural
activity
transmitted
from
cochlea
to
central
auditory
system.
Despite
a
reduced
cochlear
output,
more
structures
is
paradoxically
enhanced
at
suprathreshold
intensities.
This
compensatory
increase
in
response
of
sensory
input
referred
as
gain
enhancement.
Enhanced
hypothesized
be
potential
mechanism
that
gives
rise
hyperacusis
and
tinnitus,
two
debilitating
perceptual
disorders
afflict
millions
individuals.
review
will
examine
evidence
for
enhancement
system
damage.
Further,
it
address
cellular
molecular
mechanisms
underlying
this
discuss
contribution
tinnitus
hyperacusis.
Current
suggests
multiple
with
distinct
temporal
spectral
profiles
are
likely
contribute
Dissecting
contributions
these
different
levels
essential
elucidating
role
and,
most
importantly,
development
novel
treatments
disorders.
Science,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
350(6264)
Published: Nov. 26, 2015
Since
the
work
of
Ramón
y
Cajal
in
late
19th
and
early
20th
centuries,
neuroscientists
have
speculated
that
a
complete
understanding
neuronal
cell
types
their
connections
is
key
to
explaining
complex
brain
functions.
However,
census
constituent
wiring
diagram
mature
neocortex
remains
elusive.
By
combining
octuple
whole-cell
recordings
with
an
optimized
avidin-biotin-peroxidase
staining
technique,
we
carried
out
morphological
electrophysiological
layers
1,
2/3,
5
mapped
connectivity
between
more
than
11,000
pairs
identified
neurons.
We
categorized
15
interneurons,
each
exhibited
characteristic
pattern
other
interneuron
pyramidal
cells.
The
essential
structure
neocortical
microcircuit
could
be
captured
by
only
few
motifs.
