Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
370(1673), P. 20140219 - 20140219
Published: June 10, 2015
Multicellularity
is
characterized
by
cooperation
among
cells
for
the
development,
maintenance
and
reproduction
of
multicellular
organism.
Cancer
can
be
viewed
as
cheating
within
this
cooperative
system.
Complex
multicellularity,
underlying
it,
has
evolved
independently
multiple
times.
We
review
existing
literature
on
cancer
cancer-like
phenomena
across
life,
not
only
focusing
complex
multicellularity
but
also
reviewing
tree
life
more
broadly.
find
that
a
breakdown
central
features
characterize
including
in
proliferation
inhibition,
cell
death,
division
labour,
resource
allocation
extracellular
environment
(which
we
term
five
foundations
multicellularity).
Cheating
exhibited
lack
differentiation
disorganized
masses,
been
observed
all
forms
multicellularity.
This
suggests
deregulation
fundamental
universal
aspect
carcinogenesis
may
underappreciated
biology.
Understanding
provides
novel
insights
into
hallmarks
set
assays
biomarkers
applied
species
requirements
generating
cancer.
The Journal of Experimental Medicine,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
214(3), P. 579 - 596
Published: Feb. 23, 2017
Pancreatic
stellate
cells
(PSCs)
differentiate
into
cancer-associated
fibroblasts
(CAFs)
that
produce
desmoplastic
stroma,
thereby
modulating
disease
progression
and
therapeutic
response
in
pancreatic
ductal
adenocarcinoma
(PDA).
However,
it
is
unknown
whether
CAFs
uniformly
carry
out
these
tasks
or
if
subtypes
of
with
distinct
phenotypes
PDA
exist.
We
identified
a
CAF
subpopulation
elevated
expression
α-smooth
muscle
actin
(αSMA)
located
immediately
adjacent
to
neoplastic
mouse
human
tissue.
recapitulated
this
finding
co-cultures
murine
PSCs
organoids,
demonstrated
organoid-activated
produced
stroma.
The
showed
cooperative
interactions
revealed
another
CAFs,
more
distantly
from
cells,
which
lacked
αSMA
instead
secreted
IL6
additional
inflammatory
mediators.
These
findings
were
corroborated
tissue,
providing
direct
evidence
for
heterogeneity
tumor
biology
implications
etiology
development.
