Nature,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
568(7753), P. 505 - 510
Published: March 13, 2019
The
genome
sequences
of
many
species
the
human
gut
microbiome
remain
unknown,
largely
owing
to
challenges
in
cultivating
microorganisms
under
laboratory
conditions.
Here
we
address
this
problem
by
reconstructing
60,664
draft
prokaryotic
genomes
from
3,810
faecal
metagenomes,
geographically
and
phenotypically
diverse
humans.
These
provide
reference
points
for
2,058
newly
identified
species-level
operational
taxonomic
units
(OTUs),
which
represents
a
50%
increase
over
previously
known
phylogenetic
diversity
sequenced
bacteria.
On
average,
OTUs
comprise
33%
richness
28%
abundance
per
individual,
are
enriched
humans
rural
populations.
A
meta-analysis
clinical
gut-microbiome
studies
pinpointed
numerous
disease
associations
OTUs,
have
potential
improve
predictive
models.
Finally,
our
analysis
revealed
that
uncultured
undergone
reduction
has
resulted
loss
certain
biosynthetic
pathways,
may
offer
clues
improving
cultivation
strategies
future.
Draft
metagenomes
populations
enrich
understanding
identifying
two
thousand
new
taxa
associations.
Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
1(1), P. 24 - 40
Published: Jan. 1, 2016
<b><i>Background:</i></b>
Understanding
of
the
gut-liver
axis
is
important
for
up-to-date
management
liver
cirrhosis,
and
changes
intestinal
functions
form
core
this
interesting
research
field.
<b><i>Summary:</i></b>
Most
investigators
noted
small
dysmotility
in
their
patients
with
cirrhosis.
Marked
contraction
pattern
were
observed
early
manometric
studies.
The
orocecal
transit
time,
particularly
transit,
has
generally
been
reported
to
be
prolonged,
which
demonstrated
multiple
investigations
related
severity
disease
(e.g.,
Child-Pugh
class),
presence
bacterial
overgrowth
(SIBO)
hepatic
encephalopathy
(HE)
as
well
a
history
spontaneous
peritonitis.
Bacteriologically
proven
SIBO
proximal
jejunal
aspiration
present
up
59%
cirrhotic
associated
systemic
endotoxemia.
Clinical
experimental
studies
suggest
that
delayed
bowel
cirrhosis
may
lead
SIBO,
could
contribute
symptoms
abdominal
pain
diarrhea.
In
addition
autonomic
neuropathy,
metabolic
derangements
diabetic
state,
itself
delay
patients.
Several
studies,
both
from
West
East,
have
shown
gut
microbiota
altered
those
HE.
Further,
quantitative
change
<i>Bacteroides/Firmicutes</i>
ratio,
prevalence
potentially
pathogenic
bacteria
<i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>)
reduction
specific
commensals
<i>Lachnospiraceae</i>),
described.
Structural
functional
mucosa
increases
permeability
products
considered
an
pathogenetic
factor
several
complications.
mechanism
barrier
dysfunction
multifactorial,
including
alcohol,
portal
hypertension
(vascular
congestion
dysregulation),
endotoxemia,
local
inflammation
and,
most
likely,
immunological
factors
medications.
<b><i>Key
Messages:</i></b>
This
review
summarizes
major
achievements
regarding
future
gastroenterology
research.
question
whether
accompanied
and/or
at
least
partly
caused
by
structural
epithelial
tight
junction
proteins
yet
unsolved.
Development
new
strategies
modulate
interaction
urgently
needed.
New England Journal of Medicine,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
375(24), P. 2369 - 2379
Published: Dec. 14, 2016
The
large
majority
of
studies
on
the
role
microbiome
in
pathogenesis
disease
are
correlative
and
preclinical;
several
have
influenced
clinical
practice.
Journal of Hepatology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
72(3), P. 558 - 577
Published: Oct. 15, 2019
The
gut-liver
axis
refers
to
the
bidirectional
relationship
between
gut
and
its
microbiota,
liver,
resulting
from
integration
of
signals
generated
by
dietary,
genetic
environmental
factors.
This
reciprocal
interaction
is
established
portal
vein
which
enables
transport
gut-derived
products
directly
liver
feedback
route
bile
antibody
secretion
intestine.
intestinal
mucosal
vascular
barrier
functional
anatomical
structure
that
serves
as
a
playground
for
interactions
limiting
systemic
dissemination
microbes
toxins
while
allowing
nutrients
access
circulation
reach
liver.
control
microbial
communities
critical
maintaining
homeostasis
axis,
part
this
communication
shapes
communities.
Alcohol
disrupts
at
multiple
interconnected
levels,
including
microbiome,
mucus
barrier,
epithelial
level
antimicrobial
peptide
production,
increases
exposure
proinflammatory
environment
Growing
evidence
indicates
pathogenetic
role
microbe-derived
metabolites,
such
trimethylamine,
secondary
acids,
short-chain
fatty
acids
ethanol,
in
pathogenesis
non-alcoholic
disease.
Cirrhosis
itself
associated
with
profound
alterations
microbiota
damage
different
levels
defence
epithelial,
immune
barriers.
relevance
severe
disturbance
cirrhosis
has
been
linked
translocation
live
bacteria,
bacterial
infections
disease
progression.
identification
elements
primarily
damaged
each
chronic
offers
possibilities
intervention.
Beyond
antibiotics,
upcoming
therapies
centred
on
include
new
generations
probiotics,
metabolites
(postbiotics),
faecal
transplantation,
carbon
nanoparticles.
FXR-agonists
target
both
are
currently
being
tested
diseases.
Finally,
synthetic
biotic
medicines,
phages
specific
bacteria
or
create
physical
barriers
offer
therapeutic
approaches.
Microbiome,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
5(1)
Published: Feb. 1, 2017
Recently,
the
potential
role
of
gut
microbiome
in
metabolic
diseases
has
been
revealed,
especially
cardiovascular
diseases.
Hypertension
is
one
most
prevalent
worldwide,
yet
whether
microbiota
dysbiosis
participates
development
hypertension
remains
largely
unknown.
To
investigate
this
issue,
we
carried
out
comprehensive
metagenomic
and
metabolomic
analyses
a
cohort
41
healthy
controls,
56
subjects
with
pre-hypertension,
99
individuals
primary
hypertension,
performed
fecal
transplantation
from
patients
to
germ-free
mice.Compared
found
dramatically
decreased
microbial
richness
diversity,
Prevotella-dominated
enterotype,
distinct
composition
reduced
bacteria
associated
status
overgrowth
such
as
Prevotella
Klebsiella,
disease-linked
function
both
pre-hypertensive
hypertensive
populations.
Unexpectedly,
characteristic
pre-hypertension
group
was
quite
similar
that
hypertension.
The
metabolism
changes
host
or
were
identified
be
closely
linked
dysbiosis.
And
disease
classifier
based
on
metabolites
constructed
discriminate
controls
accurately.
Furthermore,
by
human
donors
mice,
elevated
blood
pressure
observed
transferrable
through
microbiota,
direct
influence
demonstrated.Overall,
our
results
describe
novel
causal
aberrant
contributing
pathogenesis
significance
early
intervention
for
emphasized.
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
8(1)
Published: Oct. 4, 2017
The
gut
microbiota
has
been
linked
to
cardiovascular
diseases.
However,
the
composition
and
functional
capacity
of
microbiome
in
relation
diseases
have
not
systematically
examined.
Here,
we
perform
a
metagenome-wide
association
study
on
stools
from
218
individuals
with
atherosclerotic
disease
(ACVD)
187
healthy
controls.
ACVD
deviates
status
by
increased
abundance
Enterobacteriaceae
Streptococcus
spp.
and,
functionally,
potential
for
metabolism
or
transport
several
molecules
important
health.
Although
drug
treatment
represents
confounding
factor,
status,
current
use,
is
major
distinguishing
feature
this
cohort.
We
identify
common
themes
comparison
data
associated
other
cardiometabolic
(obesity
type
2
diabetes),
liver
cirrhosis,
rheumatoid
arthritis.
Our
represent
comprehensive
resource
further
investigations
role
promoting
preventing
as
well
related
diseases.The
may
play
authors
controls,
identifying
microbial
strains
functions
disease.
