Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals

Nature, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 543(7645), P. 373 - 377

Published: March 1, 2017

Language: Английский

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Coral reefs in the Anthropocene

Nature, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 546(7656), P. 82 - 90

Published: May 30, 2017

Language: Английский

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Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 375(1794), P. 20190120 - 20190120

Published: Jan. 27, 2020

There is growing awareness that ‘nature-based solutions' (NbS) can help to protect us from climate change impacts while slowing further warming, supporting biodiversity and securing ecosystem services. However, the potential of NbS provide intended benefits has not been rigorously assessed. are concerns over their reliability cost-effectiveness compared engineered alternatives, resilience change. Trade-offs arise if mitigation policy encourages with low value, such as afforestation non-native monocultures. This result in maladaptation, especially a rapidly changing world where biodiversity-based multi-functional landscapes key. Here, we highlight rise policy—focusing on for adaptation well mitigation—and discuss barriers evidence-based implementation. We outline major financial governance challenges implementing at scale, highlighting avenues research. As turns increasingly towards greenhouse gas removal approaches afforestation, stress urgent need natural social scientists engage makers. They must ensure achieve tackle both crisis also contributing sustainable development. will require systemic way conduct research run our institutions. article part theme issue ‘Climate ecosystems: threats, opportunities solutions’.

Language: Английский

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Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO ₂ emissions scenarios

Science, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 349(6243)

Published: July 3, 2015

Carbon emissions and their ocean impacts Anthropogenic CO 2 directly affect atmospheric chemistry but also have a strong influence on the oceans. Gattuso et al. review how physics, chemistry, ecology of oceans might be affected based two emission trajectories: one business as usual with aggressive reductions. Ocean warming, acidification, sea-level rise, expansion oxygen minimum zones will continue to distinct marine communities ecosystems. The path that humanity takes regarding largely determine severity these phenomena. Science , this issue 10.1126/science.aac4722

Language: Английский

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Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem

Science, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 353(6295), P. 169 - 172

Published: July 7, 2016

No turning back? Ecosystems over time have endured much disturbance, yet they tend to remain intact, a characteristic we call resilience. Though many systems been lost and destroyed, for that physically there is debate as whether changing temperatures will result in shifts or collapses. Wernburg et al. show extreme warming of temperate kelp forest off Australia resulted not only its collapse, but also shift community composition brought about an increase herbivorous tropical fishes prevent the reestablishment kelp. Thus, may be resilient rapid climate change face. Science , this issue p. 169

Language: Английский

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The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people

Science, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 354(6313)

Published: Nov. 11, 2016

Accumulating impacts Anthropogenic climate change is now in full swing, our global average temperature already having increased by 1°C from preindustrial levels. Many studies have documented individual of the changing that are particular to species or regions, but accumulating and being amplified more broadly. Scheffers et al. review set been observed across genes, species, ecosystems reveal a world undergoing substantial change. Understanding causes, consequences, potential mitigation these changes will be essential as we move forward into warming world. Science , this issue p. 10.1126/science.aaf7671

Language: Английский

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Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 4

Published: May 29, 2017

Coral reefs are found in a wide range of environments, where they provide food and habitat to large organisms as well other ecological goods services. Warm-water coral reefs, for example, occupy shallow sunlit, warm alkaline waters order grow calcify at the high rates necessary build maintain their calcium carbonate structures. At deeper locations (40 – 150 m), "mesophotic" (low light) accumulate much lower (if all some cases) yet remain important organisms, including those fisheries. Finally, even deeper, down 2000 m or more, so-called 'cold-water' dark depths. Despite importance, facing significant challenges from human activities pollution, over-harvesting, physical destruction, climate change. In latter case, greenhouse gas emission scenarios (such Representative Concentration Pathway RCP 4.5) likely drive elimination most warm-water by 2040-2050. Cold-water corals also threatened warming temperatures ocean acidification although evidence direct effect change is less clear. Evidence that can adapt which sufficient them keep up with rapid minimal, especially given long-lived hence have slow evolution. Conclusions will migrate higher latitudes equally unfounded, observations tropical species appearing 'necessary but not sufficient' entire reef ecosystems shifting. On contrary, degrade rapidly over next 20 years, presenting fundamental 500 million people who derive food, income, coastal protection, services reefs. Unless advances goals Paris Climate Change Agreement occur decade, hundreds millions face increasing amounts poverty social disruption, and, cases, regional insecurity.

Language: Английский

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The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: May 30, 2018

Coral reefs can provide significant coastal protection benefits to people and property. Here we show that the annual expected damages from flooding would double, costs frequent storms triple without reefs. For 100-year storm events, flood increase by 91% $US 272 billion The countries with most gain reef management are Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Mexico, Cuba; savings exceed $400 M for each of these nations. Sea-level rise will risk, but substantial impacts could happen loss alone better near-term management. We a global, process-based valuation an ecosystem service across entire marine biome at (sub)national levels. These spatially explicit inform critical risk environmental decisions, be directly considered governments (e.g., national accounts, recovery plans) businesses insurance).

Language: Английский

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Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5 °C and 2 °C

Earth System Dynamics, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 7(2), P. 327 - 351

Published: April 21, 2016

Abstract. Robust appraisals of climate impacts at different levels global-mean temperature increase are vital to guide assessments dangerous anthropogenic interference with the system. The 2015 Paris Agreement includes a two-headed goal: "holding in global average well below 2 °C above pre-industrial and pursuing efforts limit 1.5 °C". Despite prominence these two limits, comprehensive overview differences is still missing. Here we provide an assessment key change warming °C, including extreme weather events, water availability, agricultural yields, sea-level rise risk coral reef loss. Our results reveal substantial between that highly relevant for For heat-related extremes, additional 0.5 marks difference events upper present-day natural variability new regime, particularly tropical regions. Similarly, this likely be decisive future reefs. In scenario end-of-century virtually all reefs projected severe degradation due temperature-induced bleaching from 2050 onwards. This fraction reduced about 90 % decline 70 by 2100 scenario. Analyses precipitation-related distinct regional hot-spots emerge. Regional reduction median availability Mediterranean found nearly double 9 17 lengthening dry spells increases 7 11 %. Projections yields differ crop types as world While some (in particular high-latitude) regions may benefit, like West Africa, South-East Asia, Central northern South America face local yield reductions, wheat maize. Best estimate projections based on illustrative scenarios indicate 50 cm relative year 2000-levels scenario, 10 lower rate would 30 compared findings highlight importance differentiation assess both risks vulnerabilities incremental temperature. article provides consistent existing good basis work refining our understanding warming.

Language: Английский

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The future of hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems

Nature, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 559(7715), P. 517 - 526

Published: July 1, 2018

Language: Английский

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