Coral restoration – A systematic review of current methods, successes, failures and future directions

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. e0226631 - e0226631

Published: Jan. 30, 2020

Coral reef ecosystems have suffered an unprecedented loss of habitat-forming hard corals in recent decades. While marine conservation has historically focused on passive habitat protection, demand for and interest active restoration been growing However, a disconnect between coral practitioners, managers scientists resulted disjointed field where it is difficult to gain overview existing knowledge. To address this, we aimed synthesise the available knowledge comprehensive global review methods, incorporating data from peer-reviewed scientific literature, complemented with grey literature through survey practitioners. We found that case studies are dominated by short-term projects, 60% all projects reporting less than 18 months monitoring restored sites. Similarly, most relatively small spatial scale, median size area 100 m2. A diverse range species represented dataset, 229 different 72 genera. Overall, primarily fast-growing branching (59% studies), report survival 60 70%. date, young plagued similar 'growing pains' as ecological other ecosystems. These include 1) lack clear achievable objectives, 2) appropriate standardised and, 3) poorly designed relation stated objectives. Mitigating these will be crucial successfully scale up retain public trust tool resilience based management. Finally, while practitioners developed effective methods grow at scales, critical not view replacement meaningful action climate change.

Language: Английский

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Bright spots among the world’s coral reefs

Nature, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 535(7612), P. 416 - 419

Published: June 14, 2016

Language: Английский

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Overfishing and nutrient pollution interact with temperature to disrupt coral reefs down to microbial scales

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: June 7, 2016

Abstract Losses of corals worldwide emphasize the need to understand what drives reef decline. Stressors such as overfishing and nutrient pollution may reduce resilience coral reefs by increasing coral–algal competition reducing recruitment, growth survivorship. Such effects themselves develop via several mechanisms, including disruption microbiomes. Here we report results a 3-year field experiment simulating pollution. These stressors increase turf macroalgal cover, destabilizing microbiomes, elevating putative pathogen loads, disease more than twofold mortality up eightfold. Above-average temperatures exacerbate these effects, further disrupting microbiomes unhealthy concentrating 80% in warmest seasons. Surprisingly, nutrients also bacterial opportunism bitten parrotfish, turning normal trophic interactions deadly for corals. Thus, impact down microbial scales, killing sensitizing them predation, above-average opportunism.

Language: Английский

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Biological Impacts of Marine Heatwaves

Annual Review of Marine Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 119 - 145

Published: Aug. 17, 2022

Climatic extremes are becoming increasingly common against a background trend of global warming. In the oceans, marine heatwaves (MHWs)-discrete periods anomalously warm water-have intensified and become more frequent over past century, impacting integrity ecosystems globally. We review synthesize current understanding MHW impacts at individual, population, community levels. then examine how these affect broader ecosystem services discuss state research on biological MHWs. Finally, we explore emergent approaches to predicting occurrence andimpacts future events, along with adaptation management approaches. With further increases in intensity frequency projected for coming decades, MHWs emerging as pervasive stressors A deeper mechanistic their is needed better predict adapt increased activity Anthropocene.

Language: Английский

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The 2014–2017 global-scale coral bleaching event: insights and impacts

Coral Reefs, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 38(4), P. 539 - 545

Published: July 22, 2019

2014–2017 was an unprecedented period of successive record-breaking hot years, which coincided with the most severe, widespread, and longest-lasting global-scale coral bleaching event ever recorded. The (GCBE) resulted in very high mortality on many reefs, rapid deterioration reef structures, far-reaching environmental impacts. Through papers this special issue Coral Reefs entitled Global Bleaching Event: Drivers, Impacts, Lessons Learned, as well published elsewhere, we have a good analysis GCBE its These studies provided key insights into how climate change-driven marine heatwaves are destroying ecosystems: (a) is unique satellite record spatial scale, duration, intensity, repetition bleaching. (b) impacts been severe seen at reefs. (c) Timing observations matters needs to be considered during (d) On both global local scales, intensity heat stress varied. (e) We continue see important differences among within taxa, roles played by algal symbionts microbiome. (f) Heat play role subsequent disease, plays mortality. (g) Impacts ripple far beyond corals, significant changes fish invertebrate community that may last decades. (h) structure individual coral's skeletons entire reefs has eroded much more quickly than previously realized. (i) little support for proposed "lifeboat" hypothesis, whereby deep or mesophotic serve means salvation. (j) While protected areas (MPAs) provide protection from stressors, they not only do protect but also here evidence resilience.

Language: Английский

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High frequency temperature variability reduces the risk of coral bleaching

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: April 20, 2018

Coral bleaching is the detrimental expulsion of algal symbionts from their cnidarian hosts, and predominantly occurs when corals are exposed to thermal stress. The incidence severity often spatially heterogeneous within reef-scales (<1 km), therefore not predictable using conventional remote sensing products. Here, we systematically assess relationship between in situ measurements 20 environmental variables, along with seven remotely sensed SST stress metrics, 81 observed events at coral reef locations spanning five major regions globally. We find that high-frequency temperature variability (i.e., daily range) was most influential factor predicting prevalence had a mitigating effect, such 1 °C increase range would reduce odds more severe by 33. Our findings suggest reefs greater may represent particularly important opportunities conserve ecosystems against threat posed warming ocean temperatures.

Language: Английский

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Loss of coral reef growth capacity to track future increases in sea level

Nature, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 558(7710), P. 396 - 400

Published: June 1, 2018

Language: Английский

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Relationships between structural complexity, coral traits, and reef fish assemblages

Coral Reefs, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 36(2), P. 561 - 575

Published: Jan. 12, 2017

Language: Английский

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Seabirds enhance coral reef productivity and functioning in the absence of invasive rats

Nature, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 559(7713), P. 250 - 253

Published: July 1, 2018

Language: Английский

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Ecosystem restructuring along the Great Barrier Reef following mass coral bleaching

Nature, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 560(7716), P. 92 - 96

Published: July 24, 2018

Language: Английский

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