A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: March 20, 2019

Thermal-stress events associated with climate change cause coral bleaching and mortality that threatens reefs globally. Yet patterns vary spatially temporally. Here we synthesize field observations of at 3351 sites in 81 countries from 1998 to 2017 use a suite environmental covariates temperature metrics analyze patterns. Coral was most common localities experiencing high intensity frequency thermal-stress anomalies. However, significantly less variance sea-surface (SST) Geographically, the highest probability occurred tropical mid-latitude (15-20 degrees north south Equator), despite similar thermal stress levels equatorial sites. In last decade, onset has higher SSTs (∼0.5 °C) than previous suggesting thermally susceptible genotypes may have declined and/or adapted such remaining populations now threshold for bleaching.

Language: Английский

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Heat Waves, the New Normal: Summertime Temperature Extremes Will Impact Animals, Ecosystems, and Human Communities

Physiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 34(2), P. 86 - 100

Published: Feb. 6, 2019

A consequence of climate change is the increased frequency and severity extreme heat waves. This occurring now as most warmest summers intense waves ever recorded have been during past decade. In this review, I describe ways in which animals human populations are likely to respond heat, suggest how study those responses, reflect on importance studies for countering devastating impacts change.

Language: Английский

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Biological Impacts of Marine Heatwaves

Annual Review of Marine Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 119 - 145

Published: Aug. 17, 2022

Climatic extremes are becoming increasingly common against a background trend of global warming. In the oceans, marine heatwaves (MHWs)-discrete periods anomalously warm water-have intensified and become more frequent over past century, impacting integrity ecosystems globally. We review synthesize current understanding MHW impacts at individual, population, community levels. then examine how these affect broader ecosystem services discuss state research on biological MHWs. Finally, we explore emergent approaches to predicting occurrence andimpacts future events, along with adaptation management approaches. With further increases in intensity frequency projected for coming decades, MHWs emerging as pervasive stressors A deeper mechanistic their is needed better predict adapt increased activity Anthropocene.

Language: Английский

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The 2014–2017 global-scale coral bleaching event: insights and impacts

Coral Reefs, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 38(4), P. 539 - 545

Published: July 22, 2019

2014–2017 was an unprecedented period of successive record-breaking hot years, which coincided with the most severe, widespread, and longest-lasting global-scale coral bleaching event ever recorded. The (GCBE) resulted in very high mortality on many reefs, rapid deterioration reef structures, far-reaching environmental impacts. Through papers this special issue Coral Reefs entitled Global Bleaching Event: Drivers, Impacts, Lessons Learned, as well published elsewhere, we have a good analysis GCBE its These studies provided key insights into how climate change-driven marine heatwaves are destroying ecosystems: (a) is unique satellite record spatial scale, duration, intensity, repetition bleaching. (b) impacts been severe seen at reefs. (c) Timing observations matters needs to be considered during (d) On both global local scales, intensity heat stress varied. (e) We continue see important differences among within taxa, roles played by algal symbionts microbiome. (f) Heat play role subsequent disease, plays mortality. (g) Impacts ripple far beyond corals, significant changes fish invertebrate community that may last decades. (h) structure individual coral's skeletons entire reefs has eroded much more quickly than previously realized. (i) little support for proposed "lifeboat" hypothesis, whereby deep or mesophotic serve means salvation. (j) While protected areas (MPAs) provide protection from stressors, they not only do protect but also here evidence resilience.

Language: Английский

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The fundamental links between climate change and marine plastic pollution

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 806, P. 150392 - 150392

Published: Sept. 17, 2021

Plastic pollution and climate change have commonly been treated as two separate issues sometimes are even seen competing. Here we present an alternative view that these fundamentally linked. Primarily, explore how plastic contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the beginning end of its life cycle. Secondly, show more extreme weather floods associated with change, will exacerbate spread in natural environment. Finally, both occur throughout marine environment, ecosystems species can be particularly vulnerable both, such coral reefs face disease through climate-driven increased global bleaching events. A Web Science search showed studies ocean often siloed, only 0.4% articles examining stressors simultaneously. We also identified a lack regional industry-specific cycle analysis data for comparisons relative GHG contributions by materials products. Overall, suggest rather than debate over importance or pollution, productive course would determine linking factors between identify solutions combat crises.

Language: Английский

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Socioeconomic impacts of marine heatwaves: Global issues and opportunities

Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 374(6566)

Published: Oct. 22, 2021

The impacts of marine heatwaves Extreme warming events in the world’s oceans are becoming more widespread and frequent; 8 10 most severe recorded have taken place past decade. Smith et al . review how these severely altering ecosystem service provision, with socioeconomic impacts. Heatwave effects, including range shifts mass mortality species harmful algal blooms, knock-on economic consequences that already run into billions US dollars. As well as reviewing events, authors discuss mitigation adaptation measures needed to alleviate risks damaging —AMS

Language: Английский

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Climate Change, Coral Loss, and the Curious Case of the Parrotfish Paradigm: Why Don't Marine Protected Areas Improve Reef Resilience?

Annual Review of Marine Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 11(1), P. 307 - 334

Published: Jan. 3, 2019

Scientists have advocated for local interventions, such as creating marine protected areas and implementing fishery restrictions, ways to mitigate stressors limit the effects of climate change on reef-building corals. However, in a literature review, we find little empirical support notion managed resilience. We outline some reasons why protection herbivorous fish (especially parrotfish) had effect coral One key explanation is that impacts (e.g., pollution fishing) are often swamped by much greater ocean warming Another sheer complexity (including numerous context dependencies) five cascading links assumed managed-resilience hypothesis. If reefs cannot be saved actions alone, then it time face reef degradation head-on, directly addressing anthropogenic change—the root cause global decline.

Language: Английский

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Global declines in coral reef calcium carbonate production under ocean acidification and warming

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 118(21)

Published: May 10, 2021

Significance The growth of coral reefs is threatened by the dual stressors ocean warming and acidification. Despite a wealth studies assessing impacts climate change on individual taxa, projections their reef net carbonate production are limited. By projecting across 233 different locations, we demonstrate that majority will be unable to maintain positive globally year 2100 under representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 8.5, while even RCP2.6, suffer reduced accretion rates. Our results provide quantitative how influence whole ecosystem in all major basins.

Language: Английский

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Severe Continental-Scale Impacts of Climate Change Are Happening Now: Extreme Climate Events Impact Marine Habitat Forming Communities Along 45% of Australia’s Coast

Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: July 24, 2019

Recent increases in the frequency of Extreme Climate Events (ECEs) such as heatwaves and floods have been attributed to climate change, could pronounced ecosystem evolutionary impacts because they provide little opportunity for organisms acclimate or adapt. Here we synthesize information on a series ECEs Australia from 2011-2017 that led well-documented, abrupt extensive mortality key marine habitat-forming – corals, kelps, seagrasses mangroves along nearly more than 45% continental coastline Australia. Coral bleaching occurred across much northern due affecting different regions 2011, 2013, 2016 2017, while seagrass was impacted by anomalously high rainfall events 2011 both east west tropical coasts. A heatwave off western during La Niña extended into temperate subtropical regions, causing widespread kelp forests communities at their distribution limits. Mangrove experienced El Niño coastal areas north-western severe water stress driven drought low mean sea levels. This reflects variety heatwaves, intense storms, drought. Their repeated occurrence wide extent are consistent with projections increased intensity ECEs, broad implications elsewhere similar trends predicted globally. The unprecedented nature these ECE has likely produced substantial ecosystem-wide repercussions. Predictions models suggest taxa will long-term some cases irreversible consequences, especially if continue become frequent severe. ecological changes caused greater slower warming leads gradual reorganisation possible evolution adaptation. an emerging threat ecosystems, require better seasonal prediction mitigation strategies.

Language: Английский

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Climate resilience in marine protected areas and the ‘Protection Paradox’

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 236, P. 305 - 314

Published: June 5, 2019

Language: Английский

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