Stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and aggression

Metabolic Brain Disease, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 39(8), P. 1613 - 1636

Published: July 31, 2024

Abstract This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationship between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and aggression. It provides a detailed overview of physiology functioning these axes, as well implications for aggressive behavior. The HPA responsible stress response, is activated in response to various stressors can influence Glucocorticoids, such cortisol, play crucial role stress-induced activation axis have been implicated tendencies. Chronic dysregulate leading alterations cortisol levels potentially contributing HPG particularly androgen hormone testosterone, also closely linked Animal human studies consistently shown positive association testosterone receptors brain’s neural circuitry critical modulating Interactions axes further contribute regulation Feedback mechanisms crosstalk provide complex system modulation both reproductive functions, which impact Additionally,the on androgens aggression, adds complexity this relationship. discusses future directions clinical interventions. Understanding neurobiological underlying aggression requires integrating molecular, cellular, circuit-level approaches. Translational perspectives, including animal models studies, bridge gap basic research applications. Finally, therapeutic strategies aggression-related disorders are explored, highlighting importance targeted interventions based understanding interactions axes. In conclusion, physiological with specific focus interplay By elucidating stress, hormones, behavior, paves way investigations potential disorders.

Language: Английский

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Physical activity and neuroplasticity in neurodegenerative disorders: a comprehensive review of exercise interventions, cognitive training, and AI applications

Frontiers in Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 19

Published: Feb. 28, 2025

This review aimed to elucidate the mechanisms through which (i) physical activity (PA) enhances neuroplasticity and cognitive function in neurodegenerative disorders, (ii) identify specific PA interventions for improving rehabilitation programs. We conducted a literature search PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, covering publications from January 1990 August 2024. The strategy employed key terms related neuroplasticity, exercise, function, personalized activity. Inclusion criteria included original research on relationship between while exclusion eliminated studies focusing solely pharmacological interventions. identified multiple pathways may enhance including releasing neurotrophic factors, modulation neuroinflammation, reduction oxidative stress, enhancement synaptic connectivity neurogenesis. Aerobic exercise was found increase hippocampal volume by 1–2% improve executive scores 5–10% older adults. Resistance training enhanced control memory performance 12–18% elderly individuals. Mind–body exercises, such as yoga tai-chi, improved gray matter density memory-related brain regions 3–5% emotional regulation 15–20%. Dual-task attention processing speed 8–14% individuals with disorders. also discuss potential role AI-based AI preventing rehabilitating illnesses, highlighting innovative approaches patient outcomes. significantly disorders various mechanisms. resistance training, mind–body practices, dual-task exercises each offer unique benefits. Implementing these activities clinical settings can Future should focus creating tailored conditions, incorporating programs optimize rehabilitation.

Language: Английский

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Structural and functional changes in the hippocampus induced by environmental exposures

Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 30(1), P. 5 - 19

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

The hippocampus, noted as (HC), plays a crucial role in the processes of learning, memory formation, and spatial navigation. Recent research reveals that this brain region can undergo structural functional changes due to environmental exposures, including stress, noise pollution, sleep deprivation, microgravity. This review synthesizes findings from animal human studies, emphasizing HC's plasticity response these factors. It examines volume, architecture, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, gene expression highlights critical periods vulnerability influences impacting cognition behavior. also investigates underlying mechanisms such glucocorticoid signaling, epigenetic alterations, neural circuit adaptations. Understanding how HC reacts various exposures is vital for developing strategies enhance cognitive resilience mitigate negative effects on region. Further needed identify protective risk factors create effective interventions.

Language: Английский

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Glucocorticoids Orchestrate Adult Hippocampal Plasticity: Growth Points and Translational Aspects

Biochemistry (Moscow), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 88(5), P. 565 - 589

Published: May 1, 2023

The review analyzes modern concepts about the control of various mechanisms hippocampal neuroplasticity in adult mammals and humans by glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoid hormones ensure coordinated functioning key components plasticity: neurogenesis, glutamatergic neurotransmission, microglia astrocytes, systems neurotrophic factors, neuroinflammation, proteases, metabolic hormones, neurosteroids. Regulatory are diverse; along with direct action glucocorticoids through their receptors, there conciliated glucocorticoid-dependent effects, as well numerous interactions between components. Despite fact that many connections this complex regulatory scheme have not yet been established, study factors considered work forms growth points field glucocorticoid-regulated processes brain primarily hippocampus. These studies fundamentally important for translation into clinic potential treatment/prevention common diseases emotional cognitive spheres respective comorbid conditions.

Language: Английский

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Adult neurogenesis

Neural Regeneration Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(1), P. 6 - 15

Published: May 25, 2023

Adult neurogenesis, the process of creating new neurons, involves coordinated division, migration, and differentiation neural stem cells. This is restricted to neurogenic niches located in two distinct areas brain: subgranular zone dentate gyrus hippocampus subventricular lateral ventricle, where neurons are generated then migrate olfactory bulb. Neurogenesis has been thought occur only during embryonic early postnatal stages decline with age due a continuous depletion Interestingly, recent years have seen tremendous progress our understanding adult brain bridging knowledge gap between neurogenesis. Here, we discuss current status neurogenesis light what know about In this notion, talk importance intracellular signaling molecules mobilizing endogenous cell proliferation. Based on understanding, can declare that these play role targeting mature brain. However, achieve goal, need avoid undesired proliferation cells by controlling necessary checkpoints, which lead tumorigenesis prove be curse instead blessing or hope.

Language: Английский

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Glucocorticoid effects on the brain: from adaptive developmental plasticity to allostatic overload

Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 227(Suppl_1)

Published: March 7, 2024

ABSTRACT Exposure to stress during early life may alter the developmental trajectory of an animal by a mechanism known as adaptive plasticity. For example, enhance reproductive success in adverse environment, it is that animals accelerate their growth development. However, these short-term fitness benefits are often associated with reduced longevity, phenomenon rate–lifespan trade-off. In humans, exposure compromises health later and increases disease susceptibility. Glucocorticoids (GCs) major hormones implicated processes. This Review discusses evidence for GC-mediated plasticity development, leading allostatic overload life. We focus on GC-induced effects brain structure function, including neurogenesis; highlight need longitudinal studies; discuss approaches identify molecular mechanisms mediating alteration adult dysfunctions. Further understanding how GC can trajectories at cellular level critical importance reduce burden mental physical ill across course.

Language: Английский

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HPA axis in psychotic and non-psychotic major depression: Cortisol plasma levels and hippocampal volume

Journal of Affective Disorders, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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The times they are a-changin’: a proposal on how brain flexibility goes beyond the obvious to include the concepts of “upward” and “downward” to neuroplasticity

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 28(3), P. 977 - 992

Published: Dec. 27, 2022

Abstract Since the brain was found to be somehow flexible, plastic, researchers worldwide have been trying comprehend its fundamentals better understand itself, make predictions, disentangle neurobiology of diseases, and finally propose up-to-date treatments. Neuroplasticity is simple as a concept, but extremely complex when it comes mechanisms. This review aims bring light an aspect about neuroplasticity that often not given enough attention should, fact brain’s ability change would include disconnect synapses. So, neuronal shrinkage, decrease in spine density or dendritic complexity should included within concept part mechanisms, impairment it. To end, we extensively describe variety studies involving topics such neurodevelopment, aging, stress, memory homeostatic plasticity highlight how weakening disconnection synapses organically permeate so many ways good practice intrinsic physiology. Therefore, break down into two sub-concepts, “upward neuroplasticity” for changes related synaptic construction “downward deconstruction. With these could understood from bigger landscape vector which both directions taken flexibly adapt certain demands. Such paradigm shift allow understanding avoid any data interpretation bias, once makes clear there no morality with regard organic physiological involve dynamic biological systems seen brain.

Language: Английский

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Recent advances in the study of the neurobiological mechanisms behind the effects of physical activity on mood, resilience and emotional disorders

Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 32(9), P. 937 - 942

Published: Sept. 4, 2023

Physical activity (PA) significantly influences emotional wellbeing, from enhancing mood to counteracting disorders such as depression and anxiety. This article offers an in-depth analysis of the neurobiological processes theories underpinning benefits PA which arise exercise-induced physiological changes that simultaneously benefit brain function. We discuss role growth factors, neurotransmitters biochemicals, well enhancements in mitochondrial biogenesis antioxidant activity, how they foster exercise performance health. Central our discussion are related depression: "neurotrophic," "neurogenesis," "inflammation," "oxidative stress," "monoamine" hypotheses. also introduce emergent "glutamate hypothesis" lactate release a potential precursor for glutamate. Additionally, we explore "endorphin" "endocannabinoid" hypotheses, underscoring their implications evoking feelings euphoria, pain relief diminished anxiety after exercise. In conclusion, exerts diverse influence on health wellbeing. The dynamic interplay between signals promising avenue future research, with innovative therapeutic strategies disorders.

Language: Английский

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Peripheral Regulation of Central Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression through the Vagus Nerve

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(4), P. 3543 - 3543

Published: Feb. 10, 2023

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an extensively studied neurotrophin es sential for both developing the brain and maintaining adult function. In hippocampus, BDNF critical neurogenesis. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis involved not only in memory formation learning ability, but also mood regulation stress responses. Accordingly, decreased levels of BDNF, accompanied by low neurogenesis, occurs brains older adults with impaired cognitive function those patients major depression disorder. Therefore, elucidating mechanisms that maintain biologically clinically important. It has been revealed signalling from peripheral tissues contribute to expression across blood-brain barrier. Moreover, recent studies indicated evidence neuronal pathways can be a mechanism which signal expression. this review, we give overview current status central signalling, special interest signals via vagus nerve. Finally, discuss relationship between age-associated control

Language: Английский

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