Emerging role of the host microbiome in neuropsychiatric disorders: overview and future directions

Molecular Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(9), P. 3625 - 3637

Published: Sept. 1, 2023

Abstract The human body harbors a diverse ecosystem of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively known as the microbiota. Current research is increasingly focusing on potential association between microbiota various neuropsychiatric disorders. resides in parts body, such oral cavity, nasal passages, lungs, gut, skin, bladder, vagina. gut gastrointestinal tract has received particular attention due to its high abundance role psychiatric neurodegenerative However, presents other tissues, though less abundant, also plays crucial immune system homeostasis, thus influencing development progression For example, imbalance associated periodontitis might increase risk for Additionally, studies using postmortem brain samples have detected widespread presence bacteria brains patients with Alzheimer’s disease. This article provides an overview emerging host disorders discusses future directions, underlying biological mechanisms, reliable biomarkers microbiota, microbiota-targeted interventions, this field.

Language: Английский

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Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) as a Connecting Link between Microbiota and Gut-Lung Axis─A Potential Therapeutic Intervention to Improve Lung Health

ACS Omega, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(13), P. 14648 - 14671

Published: March 19, 2024

The microbiome is an integral part of the human gut, and it plays a crucial role in development immune system homeostasis. Apart from gut microbiome, airway microbial community also forms distinct microbiota. Furthermore, several studies indicate existence communication between their metabolites with lung airways, called "gut–lung axis". Perturbations microbiota composition, termed dysbiosis, can have acute chronic effects on pathophysiology diseases. Microbes stimulate various innate pathways, which modulate expression inflammatory genes pulmonary leukocytes. For instance, microbiota-derived such as short-chain fatty acids suppress inflammation through activation G protein-coupled receptors (free acid receptors) inhibit histone deacetylase, turn influences severity respiratory Thus, modulation composition probiotic/prebiotic usage fecal transplantation lead to alterations homeostasis immunity. resulting manipulation cells function key paves way for novel therapeutic strategies improving health individuals affected diseases including SARS-CoV-2. This review will shed light upon mechanistic aspect programming exploration relationship gut–lung highlight potential management

Language: Английский

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Depression-like phenotypes in mice following common bile duct ligation: Insights into the gut–liver–brain axis via the vagus nerve

Neurobiology of Disease, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 192, P. 106433 - 106433

Published: Feb. 7, 2024

Depression frequently occurs in patients with liver cirrhosis, yet the reasons for this correlation are not fully understood. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been implicated depression through gut–brain axis via vagus nerve. This study explored potential role gut–liver–brain nerve depression-like phenotypes mice cirrhosis. These underwent common bile duct ligation (CBDL), a method used to stimulate To assess behaviors, behavioral tests were conducted 10 days following either sham or CBDL surgeries. The displayed symptoms such as splenomegaly, elevated plasma levels interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, decreased synaptic proteins prefrontal cortex (PFC), disrupted balance, changes blood metabolites (or lipids). Additionally, there positive negative correlations between relative abundance microbiome data Significantly, these reversed by performing subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Intriguingly, improved after single injection arketamine, new antidepressant. results suggest that CBDL-induced mediated nerve, arketamine might offer treatment approach cirrhosis patients.

Language: Английский

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Ketamine and its two enantiomers in anesthesiology and psychiatry: A historical review and future directions

Journal of Anesthesia and Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 3(3), P. 65 - 75

Published: July 11, 2024

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, is widely utilized in both human and veterinary anesthesia. Its (S)-enantiomer, esketamine, similarly employed for anesthesia analgesia. The anesthetic effects of ketamine esketamine arise from their antagonism the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). In field psychiatry, rapid-acting antidepressant properties severe depression have generated significant interest, resulting its increased off-label usage United States (U.S.). 2019, nasal spray received approval use U.S. Europe. However, concerns emerged regarding potential adverse effects, including long-term efficacy, addiction risks, suicide risk clinical settings. contrast, arketamine, (R)-enantiomer ketamine, exhibits superior longer-lasting rodent models depression, with fewer side compared to esketamine. Nevertheless, research on efficacy safety arketamine patients remains limited. This article provides concise exploration historical two enantiomers while also delving into future directions application these fields.

Language: Английский

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Neurovascular coupling impairment as a mechanism for cognitive deficits in COVID-19

Brain Communications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 6(2)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Abstract Components that comprise our brain parenchymal and cerebrovascular structures provide a homeostatic environment for proper neuronal function to ensure normal cognition. Cerebral insults (e.g. ischaemia, microbleeds infection) alter cellular physiologic processes within the neurovascular unit contribute cognitive dysfunction. COVID-19 has posed significant complications during acute convalescent stages in multiple organ systems, including brain. Cognitive impairment is prevalent complication patients, irrespective of severity SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, overwhelming evidence from vitro, preclinical clinical studies reported SARS-CoV-2-induced pathologies components are associated with impairment. Neurovascular disruption alters coupling response, critical mechanism regulates cerebromicrovascular blood flow meet energetic demands locally active neurons. Normal processing achieved through response involves coordinated action cells (i.e. neurons glia) cell types endothelia, smooth muscle pericytes). However, current work on COVID-19-induced yet investigate as causal factor. Hence, this review, we aim describe SARS-CoV-2's effects how they can impact decline disease. Additionally, explore potential therapeutic interventions mitigate Given great both individuals public health, necessity effort fundamental scientific research application becomes imperative. This integrated endeavour crucial mitigating deficits induced by its subsequent burden especially vulnerable population.

Language: Английский

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Early treatment with fluvoxamine, bromhexine, cyproheptadine, and niclosamide to prevent clinical deterioration in patients with symptomatic COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial

EClinicalMedicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 70, P. 102517 - 102517

Published: March 14, 2024

Repurposed drugs with host-directed antiviral and immunomodulatory properties have shown promise in the treatment of COVID-19, but few trials studied combinations these agents. The aim this trial was to assess effectiveness affordable, widely available, repurposed used combination for which may be particularly relevant low-resource countries.

Language: Английский

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The vagus nerve: An old but new player in brain–body communication

Brain Behavior and Immunity, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Nov. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Gut–brain axis and neuropsychiatric health: recent advances

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Jan. 27, 2025

The gut–brain axis, a bidirectional communication pathway, permits the central nervous system (CNS) to exert influence over gastrointestinal function in response stress, while gut microbiota regulates CNS via immune, neuroendocrine, and vagal pathways. Current research highlights importance of stress-related disorders need for further into mechanisms communication, with potential therapeutic implications wide range health conditions. This is challenge taken on this Scientific Reports Collection Gut-Brain Axis. axis has significant neurodegenerative, psychiatric, metabolic disorders. Recent studies have underscored role microbiome conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD), evidence indicating that dysfunction pathological features can precede motor symptoms by decades. use vivo animal models demonstrated preformed α-synuclein fibrils (PFFs) travel from brain dosage-dependent manner, thereby supporting "gut-first" theory context PD, explored using vitro approaches. There also plays obesity machine learning algorithms may assist differentiating between obese overweight individuals based their data. growing interest at interface post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), sleep disturbances, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). described support expand observations previous preclinical clinical investigations, providing essential novel insights drive discovery previously unexplored avenues brain-gut-microbiome interactions disease.

Language: Английский

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The roles of the kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 neuropathogenesis

Infection, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 52(5), P. 2043 - 2059

Published: May 27, 2024

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of highly contagious disease Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) that may lead to various neurological and psychological disorders can be acute, lasting days weeks or months possibly longer. latter known as long-COVID more recently post-acute sequelae COVID (PASC). During COVID-19 infection, a strong inflammatory response, cytokine storm, occurs in some patients. levels interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interferon-β (IFN-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are particularly increased. These cytokines activate enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), catalysing first step tryptophan (Trp) catabolism through kynurenine pathway (KP) leading production several neurotoxic immunosuppressive metabolites. There already data showing elevation KP metabolites both acutely PASC, especially regarding cognitive impairment. Thus, it likely involvement significant SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis neurologically.

Language: Английский

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Exploring the Pathophysiology of Long COVID: The Central Role of Low-Grade Inflammation and Multisystem Involvement

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(12), P. 6389 - 6389

Published: June 9, 2024

Long COVID (LC), also referred to as Post COVID-19 Condition, Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC), and other terms, represents a complex multisystem disease persisting after the acute phase COVID-19. Characterized by myriad symptoms across different organ systems, LC presents significant diagnostic management challenges. Central disorder is role low-grade inflammation, non-classical inflammatory response that contributes chronicity diversity observed. This review explores pathophysiological underpinnings LC, emphasizing importance inflammation core component. By delineating pathogenetic relationships clinical manifestations this article highlights necessity for an integrated approach employs both personalized medicine standardized protocols aimed at mitigating long-term consequences. The insights gained not only enhance our understanding but inform development therapeutic strategies could be applicable chronic conditions with similar features.

Language: Английский

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