T cells in health and disease

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: June 19, 2023

T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. cell development occurs in a stepwise process the thymus mainly generates CD4

Language: Английский

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Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)

European Journal of Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 51(12), P. 2708 - 3145

Published: Dec. 1, 2021

Abstract The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes functional assays all major human murine immune cell subsets. Notably, contain helpful tables highlighting differences between cells. Another useful feature this is analysis clinical samples with examples applications in context autoimmune diseases, cancers as well acute chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are detailing tips, tricks pitfalls avoid. All written peer‐reviewed by leading experts immunologists, making an essential state‐of‐the‐art handbook for basic researchers.

Language: Английский

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Differentiation and Regulation of TH Cells: A Balancing Act for Cancer Immunotherapy

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: May 3, 2021

Current success of immunotherapy in cancer has drawn attention to the subsets T H cells tumor which are critical for activation anti-tumor response either directly by themselves or stimulating cytotoxic cell activity. However, presence immunosuppressive pro-tumorigenic milieu further contributes complexity regulation cell-mediated immune response. In this review, we present an overview multifaceted positive and negative effects cells, with emphasis on different subtypes various how a delicate balance contradictory signals can influence overall immunotherapy. We focus regulatory network that encompasses dendritic cell-induced CD4 + 1 subsequent priming CD8 along intersecting anti-inflammatory 2 discuss other infiltrating such as immunostimulatory 9 fh reg duality 17 function contribute tip anti- vs responses tumor. highlight developing knowledge against neoantigens/oncodrivers, impact current strategies immunity, opposing action be explored amplify patients. Understanding nuances molecular framework undergirding balancing act between is rational designing immunotherapies bypass therapeutic escape maximize potential

Language: Английский

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CD4 T cells mediate brain inflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Brain, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 144(7), P. 2047 - 2059

Published: March 8, 2021

α-Synuclein, a key pathological component of Parkinson's disease, has been implicated in the activation innate and adaptive immune system. This includes microgliosis, increased inflammatory cytokines, infiltration T cells into CNS. More recently, peripherally circulating CD4 CD8 derived from individuals with disease have shown to produce Th1/Th2 cytokines response α-synuclein, suggesting there may be chronic memory cell present disease. To understand potential effects these α-syn associated responses we used an α-synuclein overexpression mouse model, cell-deficient mice, combination immunohistochemistry flow cytometry. In this study, found that midbrain mice leads upregulation major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) protein on CNS myeloid as well IFNγ producing Interestingly, genetic deletion TCRβ or CD4, use immunosuppressive drug fingolimod, were able reduce MHCII α-synuclein. Furthermore, observed CD4-deficient protected dopaminergic loss due overexpression. These results suggest pathology damaging areas targeting could avenue for modifying treatments.

Language: Английский

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RNA modifications: importance in immune cell biology and related diseases

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: Sept. 22, 2022

RNA modifications have become hot topics recently. By influencing processes, including generation, transportation, function, and metabolization, they act as critical regulators of cell biology. The immune abnormality in human diseases is also a research focus progressing rapidly these years. Studies demonstrated that participate the multiple biological processes cells, development, differentiation, activation, migration, polarization, thereby modulating responses are involved some related diseases. In this review, we present existing knowledge functions underlying mechanisms modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), N7-methylguanosine (m7G), N4-acetylcytosine (ac4C), pseudouridine (Ψ), uridylation, adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing, summarize their roles Via regulating can pathogenesis diseases, such cancers, infection, inflammatory autoimmune We further highlight challenges future directions based on knowledge. All all, review will provide helpful well novel ideas for researchers area.

Language: Английский

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Signaling networks in immunometabolism

Cell Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 30(4), P. 328 - 342

Published: March 20, 2020

Adaptive immunity is essential for pathogen and tumor eradication, but may also trigger uncontrolled or pathological inflammation. T cell receptor, co-stimulatory cytokine signals coordinately dictate specific signaling networks that the activation functional programming of cells. In addition, cellular metabolism promotes responses dynamically regulated through interplay serine/threonine kinases, immunological cues nutrient networks. this review, we summarize upstream regulators effectors key kinase-mediated networks, including PI3K-AGC mTOR LKB1-AMPK pathways regulate metabolism, especially in We provide our perspectives about pending questions clinical applicability immunometabolic signaling. Understanding uncover therapeutic targets to modulate metabolic human disease.

Language: Английский

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Roles of XBP1s in Transcriptional Regulation of Target Genes

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 9(7), P. 791 - 791

Published: July 8, 2021

The spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) is an active transcription factor that plays a vital role in the unfolded response (UPR). Under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unspliced Xbp1 mRNA cleaved by activated stress sensor IRE1α and converted to mature encoding XBP1 (XBP1s). Translated XBP1s migrates nucleus regulates transcriptional programs UPR target genes ER molecular chaperones, folding enzymes, ER-associated degradation (ERAD) components decrease stress. Moreover, studies have shown diverse are involved lipid glucose metabolism immune responses. Therefore, has been considered important therapeutic studying various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, autoimmune inflammatory diseases. several unique mechanisms regulate different interacting with other proteins modulate their activity. Although recent discovered numerous via genome-wide analyses, how remains unclear. This review discusses roles regulation. More in-depth knowledge regulatory future will help develop new targets for each disease.

Language: Английский

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mTOR signaling at the crossroads of environmental signals and T‐cell fate decisions

Immunological Reviews, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 295(1), P. 15 - 38

Published: March 25, 2020

Abstract The evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) forms the distinct protein complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 integrates signals from environment to coordinate downstream signaling events various cellular processes. T cells rely on activity for their development establish homeostasis functional fitness. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding upstream targets mTOR. We also provide an updated overview roles T‐cell development, homeostasis, activation, effector‐cell fate decisions, as well its important impacts suppressive regulatory cells. Moreover, summarize emerging exhaustion transdifferentiation. A better contribution decisions will ultimately aid therapeutic targeting human disease.

Language: Английский

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Drug repurposing for cancer therapy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: April 18, 2024

Abstract Cancer, a complex and multifactorial disease, presents significant challenge to global health. Despite advances in surgical, radiotherapeutic immunological approaches, which have improved cancer treatment outcomes, drug therapy continues serve as key therapeutic strategy. However, the clinical efficacy of is often constrained by resistance severe toxic side effects, thus there remains critical need develop novel therapeutics. One promising strategy that has received widespread attention recent years repurposing: identification new applications for existing, clinically approved drugs. Drug repurposing possesses several inherent advantages context since repurposed drugs are typically cost-effective, proven be safe, can significantly expedite development process due their already established safety profiles. In light this, present review offers comprehensive overview various methods employed repurposing, specifically focusing on treat cancer. We describe antitumor properties candidate drugs, discuss detail how they target both hallmarks tumor cells surrounding microenvironment. addition, we examine innovative integrating with nanotechnology enhance topical delivery. also emphasize role play when used part combination regimen. To conclude, outline challenges associated consider future prospects these transitioning into application.

Language: Английский

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The immunobiology of preterm labor and birth: intra-amniotic inflammation or breakdown of maternal–fetal homeostasis

Reproduction, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 164(2), P. R11 - R45

Published: May 13, 2022

The syndrome of preterm labor comprises multiple established and novel etiologies. This review summarizes the distinct immune mechanisms implicated in birth highlights potential strategies for its prevention.

Language: Английский

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