The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Relationship Between Diet and Human Health

Annual Review of Physiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 85(1), P. 449 - 468

Published: Nov. 14, 2022

The interplay between diet, the gut microbiome, and host health is complex. Diets associated with have many similarities: high fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols while being low in saturated fats, sodium, refined carbohydrates. Over past several decades, dietary patterns changed significantly Westernized nations increased consumption of calorically dense ultraprocessed foods fiber salt, carbohydrates, leading to numerous negative consequences including obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease. microbiota an environmental factor that interacts diet may also impact on outcomes, which involve metabolites produced by from components can host. This review focuses our current understanding complex relationship microbiota, health, examples how support increase individual's risk for disease, be used as a therapy specific diseases.

Language: Английский

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Beyond BMI

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(10), P. 2254 - 2254

Published: May 10, 2023

This review examined the origins of concept BMI in work Quetelet 19th century and its subsequent adoption use tracking course pandemic obesity during 20th century. In this respect, it has provided a valuable international epidemiological tool that should be retained. However, as noted review, is deficient at least three ways. First, does not measure body fat distribution, which probably more important guide to risk excess adiposity than itself. Second, very good fat, thus application diagnosis or individual patient limited. Finally, provide any insights into heterogeneity genetic, metabolic, physiological psychological origins. Some these mechanisms are traced review.

Language: Английский

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On the pathogenesis of obesity: causal models and missing pieces of the puzzle

Nature Metabolism, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 6(10), P. 1856 - 1865

Published: Aug. 20, 2024

Application of the physical laws energy and mass conservation at whole-body level is not necessarily informative about causal mechanisms weight gain development obesity. The balance model (EBM) carbohydrate-insulin (CIM) are two plausible theories, among several others, attempting to explain why obesity develops within an overall common physiological framework regulation human metabolism. These models have been used pathogenesis in individuals as well dramatic increases prevalence worldwide over past half century. Here, we summarize outcomes a recent workshop Copenhagen that brought together experts from around world discuss pathogenesis. discussions helped operationally define commonly terms; delineate structure each model, particularly focussing on areas overlap divergence; challenge ideas importance purported factors for gain; brainstorm key scientific questions need be answered. We hope more experimental research nutrition other related fields, testing their predictions will pave way provide answers than those currently available.

Language: Английский

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Effect of Calorie-Unrestricted Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet Versus High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diet on Type 2 Diabetes and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Annals of Internal Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 176(1), P. 10 - 21

Published: Dec. 12, 2022

It remains unclear if a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet is possible treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not been investigated.To investigate of calorie-unrestricted LCHF diet, with no intention weight loss, T2DM NAFLD compared high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) diet.6-month randomized controlled trial 3-month follow-up. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03068078).Odense University Hospital in Denmark from November 2016 until June 2020.165 participants T2DM.Two diets: 50 to 60 energy percent (E%) fat, less than 20E% carbohydrates, 25E% 30E% proteins HCLF 50E% 60E% fats, proteins.Glycemic control, serum lipid levels, metabolic markers, biopsies assess NAFLD.The mean age was 56 years (SD, 10), 58% were women. Compared had greater improvements hemoglobin A1c (mean difference change, -6.1 mmol/mol [95% CI, -9.2 -3.0 mmol/mol] or -0.59% [CI, -0.87% -0.30%]) lost more -3.8 kg -6.2 -1.4 kg]). Both groups higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol lower triglycerides at 6 months. Changes low-density favorable group 0.37 mmol/L 0.17 0.58 mmol/L] 14.3 mg/dL 6.6 22.4 mg/dL]). No statistically significant between-group changes detected assessment NAFLD. sustained 9-month follow-up.Open-label trial, self-reported adherence, unintended lack adjustment multiple comparisons.Persons 6-month, calorie-unrestricted, clinically meaningful glycemic control those an but 3 months after intervention.Novo Nordisk Foundation.

Language: Английский

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Ultra-processed foods and the development of obesity in adults

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 77(6), P. 619 - 627

Published: Oct. 24, 2022

Language: Английский

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Embracing complexity: making sense of diet, nutrition, obesity and type 2 diabetes

Diabetologia, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 66(5), P. 786 - 799

Published: Feb. 14, 2023

Abstract Nutrition therapy has been emphasised for decades people with type 2 diabetes, and the vital importance of diet nutrition is now also recognised diabetes prevention. However, complexity mixed messages on what unhealthy, healthy or optimal have led to confusion among their physicians as well general public. What should eat prevention, management remission diabetes? Recently, progress made in research evidence that advanced our understanding several areas past uncertainty. This article examines some these issues, focusing role weight prevention diabetes. It considers nutritional strategies including low-energy, low-fat low-carbohydrate diets, discusses inter-relationships between nutrients, foods dietary patterns, aspects quantity quality together new developments, challenges future directions. Graphical abstract

Language: Английский

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Association between changes in carbohydrate intake and long term weight changes: prospective cohort study

BMJ, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. e073939 - e073939

Published: Sept. 27, 2023

To comprehensively examine the associations between changes in carbohydrate intake and weight change at four year intervals.Prospective cohort study.Nurses' Health Study (1986-2010), Nurses' II (1991-2015), Professionals Follow-Up (1986-2014).136 432 men women aged 65 years or younger free of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory neurodegenerative disorders, gastric conditions, chronic kidney systemic lupus erythematosus before baseline.Weight within a period.The final analyses included 46 722 Study, 67 186 II, 22 524 Follow-up Study. On average, participants gained 1.5 kg (5th to 95th centile -6.8 10.0) every years, amounting 8.8 on average over 24 years. Among women, increases glycemic index load were positively associated with gain. For example, 100 g/day increase starch added sugar was 0.9 greater gain respectively, whereas 10 fiber 0.8 less Increased from whole grains (0.4 per increase), fruit (1.6 non-starchy vegetables (3.0 increase) inversely gain, increased refined (0.8 more starchy (peas, corn, potatoes) (2.6 In substitution analyses, replacing grains, vegetables, sweetened beverages equal servings fruit, The magnitude these stronger among overweight obesity compared those normal (P<0.001 for interaction). Most also women.The findings this study highlight potential importance quality source long term management, especially people excessive body weight. Limiting sugar, beverages, favor may support efforts control

Language: Английский

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Multifaceted Roles of GLP-1 and Its Analogs: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms with a Cardiotherapeutic Perspective

Pharmaceuticals, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 836 - 836

Published: June 3, 2023

Diabetes is one of the chronic metabolic disorders which poses a multitude life-debilitating challenges, including cardiac muscle impairment, eventually results in heart failure. The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has gained distinct recognition reinstating glucose homeostasis diabetes, while it now largely accepted that an array biological effects body. Several lines evidence have revealed GLP-1 and its analogs possess cardioprotective by various mechanisms related to contractility, myocardial uptake, oxidative stress ischemia/reperfusion injury, mitochondrial homeostasis. Upon binding receptor (GLP-1R), exert their via adenylyl cyclase-mediated cAMP elevation subsequent activation cAMP-dependent protein kinase(s) stimulates insulin release conjunction with enhanced Ca2+ ATP levels. Recent findings suggested additional downstream molecular pathways stirred long-term exposure analogs, pave way for development potential therapeutic molecules longer lasting beneficial against diabetic cardiomyopathies. This review provides comprehensive overview recent advances understanding GLP-1R-dependent -independent actions protection

Language: Английский

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Determining the metabolic effects of dietary fat, sugars and fat-sugar interaction using nutritional geometry in a dietary challenge study with male mice

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: July 21, 2023

The metabolic effects of sugars and fat lie at the heart "carbohydrate vs fat" debate on global obesity epidemic. Here, we use nutritional geometry to systematically investigate interaction between dietary major monosaccharides, fructose glucose, their impact body composition health. Male mice (n = 245) are maintained one 18 isocaloric diets for 18-19 weeks status is assessed through in vivo procedures by vitro assays involving harvested tissue samples. We find that setting low medium content, a 50:50 mixture glucose (similar high-fructose corn syrup) more obesogenic metabolically adverse than when either monosaccharide consumed alone. With increasing sugar become less pronounced. Moreover, higher intake harmful tolerance insulin sensitivity irrespective mix consumed. type (soy oil lard) does not modify these outcomes. Our work shows both can lead outcomes, depending context. This study how principles two seemingly conflicting models (the "energy balance model" model") be valid, it will help progressing towards unified model obesity. main limitations this include male single strain, testing via sugary drinks, which strongly linked human

Language: Английский

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The impact of obesity on reproductive health and metabolism in reproductive-age females

Fertility and Sterility, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 122(2), P. 194 - 203

Published: May 3, 2024

Language: Английский

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