Emerging signals of declining forest resilience under climate change

Nature, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 608(7923), P. 534 - 539

Published: July 13, 2022

Abstract Forest ecosystems depend on their capacity to withstand and recover from natural anthropogenic perturbations (that is, resilience) 1 . Experimental evidence of sudden increases in tree mortality is raising concerns about variation forest resilience 2 , yet little known how it evolving response climate change. Here we integrate satellite-based vegetation indices with machine learning show resilience, quantified terms critical slowing down indicators 3–5 has changed during the period 2000–2020. We that tropical, arid temperate forests are experiencing a significant decline probably related increased water limitations variability. By contrast, boreal divergent local patterns an average increasing trend benefiting warming CO fertilization, which may outweigh adverse effects These emerge consistently both managed intact forests, corroborating existence common large-scale drivers. Reductions statistically linked abrupt declines primary productivity, occurring slow drifting towards threshold. Approximately 23% undisturbed corresponding 3.32 Pg C gross have already reached threshold further degradation resilience. Together, these signals reveal widespread perturbation should be accounted for design land-based mitigation adaptation plans.

Language: Английский

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Terrestrial carbon sinks in China and around the world and their contribution to carbon neutrality

Science China Life Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 65(5), P. 861 - 895

Published: Feb. 8, 2022

Language: Английский

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Disentangling the numbers behind agriculture-driven tropical deforestation

Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 377(6611)

Published: Sept. 8, 2022

Tropical deforestation continues at alarming rates with profound impacts on ecosystems, climate, and livelihoods, prompting renewed commitments to halt its continuation. Although it is well established that agriculture a dominant driver of deforestation, mechanisms remain disputed often lack clear evidence base. We synthesize the best available pantropical provide clarity how drives deforestation. most (90 99%) across tropics 2011 2015 was driven by agriculture, only 45 65% deforested land became productive within few years. Therefore, ending likely requires combining measures create deforestation-free supply chains landscape governance interventions. highlight key remaining gaps including trends, commodity-specific land-use dynamics, data from tropical dry forests Africa.

Language: Английский

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Changes in global terrestrial live biomass over the 21st century

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(27), P. eabe9829 - eabe9829

Published: July 1, 2021

Live woody vegetation is the largest reservoir of biomass carbon, with its restoration considered one most effective natural climate solutions. However, terrestrial carbon fluxes remain uncertainty in global cycle. Here, we develop spatially explicit estimates stock changes live from 2000 to 2019 using measurements ground, air, and space. We show that has removed 4.9 5.5 PgC year −1 atmosphere, offsetting 4.6 ± 0.1 gross emissions disturbances adding substantially (0.23 0.88 ) stocks. Gross removals tropics were four times larger than temperate boreal ecosystems combined. Although responsible for more 80% fluxes, soil, dead organic matter, lateral transport may play important roles sink.

Language: Английский

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The contribution of insects to global forest deadwood decomposition

Nature, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 597(7874), P. 77 - 81

Published: Sept. 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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The Unseen Effects of Deforestation: Biophysical Effects on Climate

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 5

Published: March 24, 2022

Climate policy has thus far focused solely on carbon stocks and sequestration to evaluate the potential of forests mitigate global warming. These factors are used assess impacts different drivers deforestation forest degradation as well alternative management. However, when cover, structure composition change, shifts in biophysical processes (the water energy balances) may enhance or diminish climate effects released from aboveground biomass. The net impact determines outcomes for agricultural species humans who depend them. Evaluating is complicated by disparate spatio-temporal scales at which they operate. Here we review mechanisms influence synthesize recent work forcing across latitudes. We then combine published data latitude with a new analysis CO 2 biomass quantitatively how these shape local climate. find that tropical leads strong warming result both effects. From tropics point between 30°N 40°N, cooling standing global, adding effect sequestered forests. In mid-latitudes up 50°N, modest outweighs small opposing cooling. Beyond 50°N large scale due dominance (particularly increased albedo) over released. Locally all latitudes, outweigh effects, promoting stability reducing extreme temperatures seasons times day. importance change mitigation adaptation human non-human not adequately captured current carbon-centric metrics, particularly context future

Language: Английский

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Emerging Engineered Wood for Building Applications

Chemical Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 123(5), P. 1843 - 1888

Published: Oct. 19, 2022

The building sector, including operations and materials, was responsible for the emission of ∼11.9 gigatons global energy-related CO2 in 2020, accounting 37% total emissions, largest share among different sectors. Lowering carbon footprint buildings requires development carbon-storage materials as well novel designs that could enable multifunctional components to achieve widespread applications. Wood is one most abundant biomaterials on Earth has been used construction historically. Recent research breakthroughs advanced engineered wood products epitomize this material's tremendous yet largely untapped potential addressing sustainability challenges. In review, we explore recent developments chemically modified will produce a new generation Traditionally, have primarily had structural purpose, but review broadens classification encompass more aspects performance. We begin by providing multiscale design principles from computational point view, followed discussion chemical modifications engineering methods modify terms its mechanical, thermal, optical, Additionally, life cycle assessment techno-economic analysis tools guiding future toward environmentally friendly economically feasible directions products. Finally, highlights current challenges perspectives field. By leveraging these wood-based technologies fabrication it possible sustainable carbon-negative buildings, which significant impact mitigating climate change.

Language: Английский

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Post-disturbance reorganization of forest ecosystems in a changing world

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 119(28)

Published: July 5, 2022

Forest ecosystems are strongly impacted by continuing climate change and increasing disturbance activity, but how forest dynamics will respond remains highly uncertain. Here, we argue that a short time window after (i.e., discrete event disrupts prevailing ecosystem structure composition releases resources) is pivotal for future development. Trees establish during this reorganization phase can shape centuries, providing operational early indications of change. While has been fruitfully studied through lens resilience, profound ecological changes be masked resilience versus regime shift dichotomy. We present framework characterizing the full spectrum disturbance, analyzing along dimensions (number, size, spatial arrangement trees) (identity diversity tree species). propose four major pathways which cover persist reorganize following disturbance: (no in composition), restructuring (structure does not), reassembly (composition replacement both change). Regime shifts occur when vegetation altered so profoundly emerging trajectory leads to nonforest. identify fundamental processes underpinning which, if disrupted, deflect away from resilience. To understand predict reorganization, assessing these traits modulating them crucial. A new wave experiments, measurements, models emphasizing further capacity anticipate dynamics.

Language: Английский

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Critical adjustment of land mitigation pathways for assessing countries’ climate progress

Nature Climate Change, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(5), P. 425 - 434

Published: April 26, 2021

Language: Английский

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Comparing national greenhouse gas budgets reported in UNFCCC inventories against atmospheric inversions

Earth system science data, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14(4), P. 1639 - 1675

Published: April 11, 2022

Abstract. In support of the global stocktake Paris Agreement on climate change, this study presents a comprehensive framework to process results an ensemble atmospheric inversions in order make their net ecosystem exchange (NEE) carbon dioxide (CO2) flux suitable for evaluating national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) submitted by countries United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC). From we also deduced anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions regrouped into fossil and agriculture waste emissions, as well nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. To compare inversion with reports, compiled new harmonized database removals from periodical UNFCCC Annex I countries, sporadic less detailed reports non-Annex given communications biennial update reports. No gap filling was applied. The method reconcile is applied selected large covering ∼90 % land uptake CO2 top emitters CH4 N2O. Our uses produced Global Carbon Project three gases, ancillary data. We examine role fluxes caused lateral transfer processes rivers trade crop wood products unmanaged lands, both not accounted NGHGIs. Here show that, despite spread across inversions, median available models points larger terrestrial sink than over temperate or groups Northern Hemisphere like Russia, Canada European Union. For CH4, find good consistency between assimilating only data situ network those using satellite retrievals tendency diagnose higher emission estimates reported particular, oil- gas-extracting central Asia Persian Gulf region tend systematically report lower compared estimated inversions. N2O, produce tropical even when attempting consider managed many can be tentatively attributed lack reporting indirect N2O deposition leaching rivers, existence natural sources intertwined underestimation factors direct agricultural soil Inversions provide insights seasonal interannual anomalies, e.g., during extreme events such drought abnormal fire episodes, whereas inventory methods are established estimate trends multi-annual changes. As much denser sampling concentrations different satellites coordinated constellation expected coming years, methodology proposed here (e.g., NGHGIs) could regularly monitoring effectiveness mitigation policy progress meet objective pledges. dataset constructed publicly at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5089799 (Deng et al., 2021).

Language: Английский

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