Molecular Metabolism,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
34, P. 27 - 42
Published: Jan. 7, 2020
The
diminished
glucose
lowering
effect
of
insulin
in
obesity,
called
"insulin
resistance,"
is
associated
with
intolerance,
type
2
diabetes,
and
other
serious
maladies.
Many
publications
on
this
topic
have
suggested
numerous
hypotheses
the
molecular
cellular
disruptions
that
contribute
to
syndrome.
However,
significant
uncertainty
remains
mechanisms
its
initiation
long-term
maintenance.
To
simplify
resistance
analysis,
review
focuses
unifying
concept
adipose
tissue
a
central
regulator
systemic
homeostasis
by
controlling
liver
skeletal
muscle
metabolism.
Key
aspects
function
related
reviewed
are:
1)
modes
which
specific
tissues
control
hepatic
output
disposal,
2)
recently
acquired
understanding
underlying
these
regulation,
3)
steps
pathways
adversely
affected
obesity
cause
resistance.
Adipocyte
heterogeneity
required
mediate
multiple
tolerance.
White
adipocytes
specialize
sequestering
triglycerides
away
from
liver,
muscle,
limit
toxicity.
In
contrast,
brown/beige
are
very
active
directly
taking
up
response
β
adrenergic
signaling
enhancing
energy
expenditure.
Nonetheless,
white,
beige,
brown
all
share
common
feature
secreting
factors
possibly
exosomes
act
distant
homeostasis.
Obesity
exerts
deleterious
effects
each
adipocyte
functions
Nature Communications,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: Jan. 3, 2020
Abstract
Mitochondria
are
signaling
organelles
that
regulate
a
wide
variety
of
cellular
functions
and
can
dictate
cell
fate.
Multiple
mechanisms
contribute
to
communicate
mitochondrial
fitness
the
rest
cell.
Recent
evidence
confers
new
role
for
TCA
cycle
intermediates,
generally
thought
be
important
biosynthetic
purposes,
as
molecules
with
controlling
chromatin
modifications,
DNA
methylation,
hypoxic
response,
immunity.
This
review
summarizes
by
which
abundance
different
metabolites
controls
function
fate
in
contexts.
We
will
focus
on
how
these
mediated
affect
physiology
disease.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
99(4), P. 1819 - 1875
Published: Aug. 22, 2019
Metabolomics
uses
advanced
analytical
chemistry
techniques
to
enable
the
high-throughput
characterization
of
metabolites
from
cells,
organs,
tissues,
or
biofluids.
The
rapid
growth
in
metabolomics
is
leading
a
renewed
interest
metabolism
and
role
that
small
molecule
play
many
biological
processes.
As
result,
traditional
views
as
being
simply
“bricks
mortar”
cells
just
fuel
for
cellular
energetics
are
upended.
Indeed,
appear
have
much
more
varied
far
important
roles
signaling
molecules,
immune
modulators,
endogenous
toxins,
environmental
sensors.
This
review
explores
how
yielding
new
insights
into
number
physiological
In
particular,
major
focus
on
illustrating
discoveries
made
through
improving
our
understanding
both
normal
physiology
pathophysiology
diseases.
These
influence
organ
function,
nutrient
sensing,
gut
physiology.
Collectively,
this
work
unified
system-wide
perspective
biology
wherein
metabolites,
proteins,
genes
understood
interact
synergistically
modify
actions
functions
organelles,
organisms.
