JAMA Network Open,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
6(2), P. e2255779 - e2255779
Published: Feb. 13, 2023
During
the
COVID-19
pandemic,
children
and
adolescents
were
massively
infected
worldwide.
In
2022,
reinfections
became
a
main
feature
of
endemic
phase
SARS-CoV-2,
so
it
is
important
to
understand
epidemiology
clinical
impact
reinfections.To
assess
incidence,
risk,
severity
pediatric
SARS-CoV-2
reinfection.This
retrospective
cohort
study
used
epidemiologic
data
documented
infections
from
surveillance
database
Institute
for
Public
Health
Vojvodina.
A
total
32
524
Vojvodina,
Serbia,
with
laboratory-confirmed
infection
between
March
6,
2020,
April
30,
followed
up
reinfection
until
July
31,
2022.Incidence
rates
per
1000
person-months,
estimated
risk
90
days
or
more
after
laboratory
confirmation
primary
infection,
severity,
hospitalizations,
deaths.The
included
(mean
[SD]
age,
11.2
[4.9]
years;
15
953
[49.1%]
male),
including
964
(3.0%)
who
experienced
reinfection.
The
incidence
rate
was
3.2
(95%
CI,
3.0-3.4)
cases
person-months
highest
in
aged
12
17
years
(3.4;
95%
3.2-3.7).
Most
(905
[93.9%])
recorded
2022.
cumulative
1.3%
at
6
months,
1.9%
9
4.0%
6.7%
7.2%
18
7.9%
21
months.
Pediatric
generally
mild.
proportion
severe
forms
decreased
14
(1.4%)
initial
episodes
3
(0.3%)
reinfections.
Reinfected
approximately
5
times
less
likely
have
disease
during
compared
(McNemar
odds
ratio,
0.2;
0.0-0.8).
rarely
led
hospitalization
(0.5%
vs
infections),
none
resulted
death.This
found
that
remained
substantially
lower
adults
as
mild,
even
milder
than
infections.
Immunological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
310(1), P. 27 - 46
Published: June 22, 2022
Immunological
memory
is
the
basis
of
protective
immunity
provided
by
vaccines
and
previous
infections.
can
develop
from
multiple
branches
adaptive
immune
system,
including
CD4
T
cells,
CD8
B
long-lasting
antibody
responses.
Extraordinary
progress
has
been
made
in
understanding
to
SARS-CoV-2
infection
COVID-19
vaccines,
addressing
development;
quantitative
qualitative
features
different
cellular
anatomical
compartments;
durability
each
component
antibodies.
Given
sophistication
measurements;
size
human
studies;
use
longitudinal
samples
cross-sectional
head-to-head
comparisons
between
or
for
1
year
already
supersedes
that
any
other
acute
infectious
disease.
This
knowledge
may
help
inform
public
policies
regarding
as
well
scientific
development
future
against
diseases.
Annual Review of Immunology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
41(1), P. 343 - 373
Published: Feb. 8, 2023
A
large
body
of
evidence
generated
in
the
last
two
and
a
half
years
addresses
roles
T
cells
SARS-CoV-2
infection
following
vaccination.
Infection
or
vaccination
induces
multi-epitope
CD4
CD8
cell
responses
with
polyfunctionality.
Early
have
been
associated
mild
COVID-19
outcomes.
In
concert
animal
model
data,
these
results
suggest
that
while
antibody
are
key
to
prevent
infection,
may
also
play
valuable
reducing
disease
severity
controlling
infection.
memory
after
is
sustained
for
at
least
six
months.
While
neutralizing
impacted
by
variants,
most
preserved.
This
review
highlights
extensive
progress
made,
data
knowledge
gaps
remain,
our
understanding
vaccines.
BMJ Global Health,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
7(8), P. e008793 - e008793
Published: Aug. 1, 2022
Estimating
COVID-19
cumulative
incidence
in
Africa
remains
problematic
due
to
challenges
contact
tracing,
routine
surveillance
systems
and
laboratory
testing
capacities
strategies.
We
undertook
a
meta-analysis
of
population-based
seroprevalence
studies
estimate
SARS-CoV-2
inform
evidence-based
decision
making
on
public
health
social
measures
(PHSM)
vaccine
strategy.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: May 4, 2022
Since
the
onset
of
COVID-19
pandemic,
medical
field
has
been
forced
to
apply
basic
knowledge
immunology
with
most
up-to-date
SARS-CoV-2
findings
and
translate
it
population
whole
world
in
record
time.
Following
infection
viral
antigen,
adaptive
immune
responses
are
activated
mainly
by
particle
encounters
antigen-presenting
cells
or
B
cell
receptors,
which
induce
further
biological
interactions
defend
host
against
virus.
After
warded
off,
immunological
memory
is
developed.
The
SARS-CoV
cellular
immunity
shown
persist
even
17
years
after
infection,
despite
undetectable
humoral
component.
Similar
demonstrated
for
T
a
shorter
period
assessing
interferon-gamma
levels
when
heparinized
blood
stimulated
virus-specific
peptides.
also
play
an
irreplaceable
part
reaction
as
backbone
response.
They
both
provide
signals
activation
maturation,
competence,
production
IgA
was
be
significant
influence
mediating
mucosal
first
defense
mechanism
development
nasal
vaccines.
Here,
we
interpret
recent
available
research,
encompasses
significance
current
understanding
activity,
compare
among
naive,
exposed,
vaccinated
donors.
Our
data
showed
that
those
who
recovered
from
EMA-approved
vaccines
had
long-lasting
immunity.
Additionally,
analyze
immunocompromised
patients
mediated
impact
clonality
pandemic
regarding
breakthrough
infections
variants
concern,
B.1.617.2
(Delta)
B.1.1.529
(Omicron)
variants.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
13
Published: July 7, 2022
Multisystem
inflammatory
syndrome
in
children
(MIS-C)
is
a
febrile
pediatric
disease
that
may
develop
weeks
after
initial
SARS-CoV-2
infection
or
exposure.
MIS-C
involves
systemic
hyperinflammation
and
multiorgan
involvement,
including
severe
cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal
(GI)
neurological
symptoms.
Some
clinical
attributes
of
MIS-C—such
as
persistent
fever,
rashes,
conjunctivitis
oral
mucosa
changes
(red
fissured
lips
strawberry
tongue)—overlap
with
features
Kawasaki
(KD).
In
addition,
shares
striking
similarities
toxic
shock
(TSS),
which
triggered
by
bacterial
superantigens
(SAgs).
The
remarkable
between
TSS
prompted
search
for
SAg-like
structures
the
virus
discovery
unique
motif
highly
similar
to
Staphylococcal
enterotoxin
B
(SEB)
fragment
spike
1
(S1)
glycoprotein.
Computational
studies
suggest
has
high
affinity
binding
T-cell
receptors
(TCRs)
MHC
Class
II
proteins.
Immunosequencing
peripheral
blood
samples
from
patients
revealed
profound
expansion
TCR
β
variable
gene
11-2
(TRBV11-2),
correlates
severity
serum
cytokine
levels,
consistent
SAg-triggered
immune
response.
sequence
analysis
further
identified
conserved
neurotoxin-like
motifs
alter
neuronal
cell
function
contribute
symptoms
COVID-19
patients.
Additionally,
autoantibodies
are
detected
during
MIS-C,
indicate
development
post-SARS-CoV-2
autoreactive
autoimmune
responses.
Finally,
prolonged
persistence
RNA
gut,
increased
gut
permeability
elevated
levels
circulating
S1
have
been
observed
MIS-C.
Accordingly,
we
hypothesize
continuous
exposure
viral
promote
autoimmunity
leading
post-acute
syndromes,
long
COVID,
well
complications
resulting
infection.
Viruses,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(1), P. 175 - 175
Published: Jan. 7, 2023
The
clinical
course
and
outcome
of
COVID-19
are
highly
variable,
ranging
from
asymptomatic
infections
to
severe
disease
death.
Understanding
the
risk
factors
is
relevant
both
in
setting
at
epidemiological
level.
Here,
we
provide
an
overview
host,
viral
environmental
that
have
been
shown
or
(in
some
cases)
hypothesized
be
associated
with
outcomes.
considered
detail
include
age
frailty,
genetic
polymorphisms,
biological
sex
(and
pregnancy),
co-
superinfections,
non-communicable
comorbidities,
immunological
history,
microbiota,
lifestyle
patient;
variation
infecting
dose;
socioeconomic
factors;
air
pollution.
For
each
category,
compile
(sometimes
conflicting)
evidence
for
association
factor
outcomes
(including
strength
effect)
outline
possible
action
mechanisms.
We
also
discuss
complex
interactions
between
various
factors.
To
address
the
ongoing
SARS-CoV-2
pandemic
and
prepare
for
future
coronavirus
outbreaks,
understanding
protective
potential
of
epitopes
conserved
across
variants
lineages
is
essential.
We
describe
a
highly
conserved,
conformational
S2
domain
epitope
present
only
in
prefusion
core
β-coronaviruses:
apex
residues
980–1006
flexible
hinge.
Antibody
RAY53
binds
native
hinge
MERS-CoV
spikes
on
surface
mammalian
cells
mediates
antibody-dependent
cellular
phagocytosis
cytotoxicity
against
spike
vitro.
Hinge
mutations
that
ablate
antibody
binding
compromise
pseudovirus
infectivity,
but
changes
elsewhere
affect
opening
dynamics,
including
those
found
Omicron
BA.1,
occlude
may
evade
pre-existing
serum
antibodies
targeting
core.
This
work
defines
third
class
while
providing
insights
into
potency
limitations
targeting.
medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 22, 2022
Abstract
The
newly
found
Omicron
SARS-CoV-2
variant
of
concern
has
rapidly
spread
worldwide.
carries
numerous
mutations
in
key
regions
and
is
associated
with
increased
transmissibility
immune
escape.
recently
been
divided
into
four
subvariants
substantial
genomic
differences,
particular
between
BA.1
BA.2.
With
the
surge
BA.2,
a
large
number
reinfections
from
earlier
cases
observed,
raising
question
whether
BA.2
specifically
can
escape
natural
immunity
acquired
shortly
after
infection.
To
investigate
this,
we
selected
subset
samples
more
than
1,8
million
infections
period
November
22,
2021,
until
February
11,
2022.
Here,
individuals
two
positive
samples,
20
less
60
days
apart,
were
selected.
From
total
187
reinfection
cases,
identified
47
instances
infection,
mostly
young
unvaccinated
mild
disease
not
resulting
hospitalization
or
death.
In
conclusion,
provide
evidence
that
do
occur
but
are
rare.