Immunological memory to SARS‐CoV ‐2 infection and COVID ‐19 vaccines

Immunological Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 310(1), P. 27 - 46

Published: June 22, 2022

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and previous infections. can develop from multiple branches adaptive immune system, including CD4 T cells, CD8 B long-lasting antibody responses. Extraordinary progress has been made in understanding to SARS-CoV-2 infection COVID-19 vaccines, addressing development; quantitative qualitative features different cellular anatomical compartments; durability each component antibodies. Given sophistication measurements; size human studies; use longitudinal samples cross-sectional head-to-head comparisons between or for 1 year already supersedes that any other acute infectious disease. This knowledge may help inform public policies regarding as well scientific development future against diseases.

Language: Английский

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Immunopathological signatures in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and pediatric COVID-19

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 28(5), P. 1050 - 1062

Published: Feb. 17, 2022

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of standardised seroprevalence studies, from January 2020 to December 2021

BMJ Global Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(8), P. e008793 - e008793

Published: Aug. 1, 2022

Estimating COVID-19 cumulative incidence in Africa remains problematic due to challenges contact tracing, routine surveillance systems and laboratory testing capacities strategies. We undertook a meta-analysis of population-based seroprevalence studies estimate SARS-CoV-2 inform evidence-based decision making on public health social measures (PHSM) vaccine strategy.

Language: Английский

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T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2

Annual Review of Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 41(1), P. 343 - 373

Published: Feb. 8, 2023

A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses roles T cells SARS-CoV-2 infection following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces multi-epitope CD4 CD8 cell responses with polyfunctionality. Early have been associated mild COVID-19 outcomes. In concert animal model data, these results suggest that while antibody are key to prevent infection, may also play valuable reducing disease severity controlling infection. memory after is sustained for at least six months. While neutralizing impacted by variants, most preserved. This review highlights extensive progress made, data knowledge gaps remain, our understanding vaccines.

Language: Английский

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Adaptive Immune Responses and Immunity to SARS-CoV-2

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: May 4, 2022

Since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, medical field has been forced to apply basic knowledge immunology with most up-to-date SARS-CoV-2 findings and translate it population whole world in record time. Following infection viral antigen, adaptive immune responses are activated mainly by particle encounters antigen-presenting cells or B cell receptors, which induce further biological interactions defend host against virus. After warded off, immunological memory is developed. The SARS-CoV cellular immunity shown persist even 17 years after infection, despite undetectable humoral component. Similar demonstrated for T a shorter period assessing interferon-gamma levels when heparinized blood stimulated virus-specific peptides. also play an irreplaceable part reaction as backbone response. They both provide signals activation maturation, competence, production IgA was be significant influence mediating mucosal first defense mechanism development nasal vaccines. Here, we interpret recent available research, encompasses significance current understanding activity, compare among naive, exposed, vaccinated donors. Our data showed that those who recovered from EMA-approved vaccines had long-lasting immunity. Additionally, analyze immunocompromised patients mediated impact clonality pandemic regarding breakthrough infections variants concern, B.1.617.2 (Delta) B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variants.

Language: Английский

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Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Long COVID: The SARS-CoV-2 Viral Superantigen Hypothesis

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: July 7, 2022

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a febrile pediatric disease that may develop weeks after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection or exposure. MIS-C involves systemic hyperinflammation and multiorgan involvement, including severe cardiovascular, gastrointestinal (GI) neurological symptoms. Some clinical attributes of MIS-C—such as persistent fever, rashes, conjunctivitis oral mucosa changes (red fissured lips strawberry tongue)—overlap with features Kawasaki (KD). In addition, shares striking similarities toxic shock (TSS), which triggered by bacterial superantigens (SAgs). The remarkable between TSS prompted search for SAg-like structures the virus discovery unique motif highly similar to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) fragment spike 1 (S1) glycoprotein. Computational studies suggest has high affinity binding T-cell receptors (TCRs) MHC Class II proteins. Immunosequencing peripheral blood samples from patients revealed profound expansion TCR β variable gene 11-2 (TRBV11-2), correlates severity serum cytokine levels, consistent SAg-triggered immune response. sequence analysis further identified conserved neurotoxin-like motifs alter neuronal cell function contribute symptoms COVID-19 patients. Additionally, autoantibodies are detected during MIS-C, indicate development post-SARS-CoV-2 autoreactive autoimmune responses. Finally, prolonged persistence RNA gut, increased gut permeability elevated levels circulating S1 have been observed MIS-C. Accordingly, we hypothesize continuous exposure viral promote autoimmunity leading post-acute syndromes, long COVID, well complications resulting infection.

Language: Английский

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Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(1), P. 175 - 175

Published: Jan. 7, 2023

The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease death. Understanding the risk factors is relevant both in setting at epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview host, viral environmental that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized be associated with outcomes. considered detail include age frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, lifestyle patient; variation infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; air pollution. For each category, compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for association factor outcomes (including strength effect) outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss complex interactions between various factors.

Language: Английский

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Identification of a conserved S2 epitope present on spike proteins from all highly pathogenic coronaviruses

eLife, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: March 21, 2023

To address the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and prepare for future coronavirus outbreaks, understanding protective potential of epitopes conserved across variants lineages is essential. We describe a highly conserved, conformational S2 domain epitope present only in prefusion core β-coronaviruses: apex residues 980–1006 flexible hinge. Antibody RAY53 binds native hinge MERS-CoV spikes on surface mammalian cells mediates antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis cytotoxicity against spike vitro. Hinge mutations that ablate antibody binding compromise pseudovirus infectivity, but changes elsewhere affect opening dynamics, including those found Omicron BA.1, occlude may evade pre-existing serum antibodies targeting core. This work defines third class while providing insights into potency limitations targeting.

Language: Английский

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Functional SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive CD4 ⁺ T cells established in early childhood decline with age

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 120(12)

Published: March 14, 2023

Pre-existing SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells have been identified in SARS-CoV-2-unexposed individuals, potentially modulating COVID-19 and vaccination outcomes. Here, we provide evidence that functional cross-reactive memory CD4 + cell immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is established early childhood, mirroring seroconversion with seasonal human OC43. Humoral cellular immune responses OC43 SARS-CoV-2 were assessed children (paired samples at age two six) adults (age 26 to 83). targeting spike, nucleocapsid, membrane closely linked the frequency of OC43-specific childhood. The quality but not paralleled responses. antibodies prevalent already two. However, they did increase further age, contrasting antibody magnitudes HKU1 (β-coronavirus), 229E NL63 (α-coronaviruses), rhinovirus, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), influenza virus, which increased after peaked six subsequently declined diminished expression interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), CD38 late adulthood. Age-dependent qualitative differences pre-existing may reflect ability host control infections respond vaccination.

Language: Английский

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Occurrence and significance of Omicron BA.1 infection followed by BA.2 reinfection

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 22, 2022

Abstract The newly found Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern has rapidly spread worldwide. carries numerous mutations in key regions and is associated with increased transmissibility immune escape. recently been divided into four subvariants substantial genomic differences, particular between BA.1 BA.2. With the surge BA.2, a large number reinfections from earlier cases observed, raising question whether BA.2 specifically can escape natural immunity acquired shortly after infection. To investigate this, we selected subset samples more than 1,8 million infections period November 22, 2021, until February 11, 2022. Here, individuals two positive samples, 20 less 60 days apart, were selected. From total 187 reinfection cases, identified 47 instances infection, mostly young unvaccinated mild disease not resulting hospitalization or death. In conclusion, provide evidence that do occur but are rare.

Language: Английский

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