Some
medical
professional
organizations
have
advocated
for
including
the
menstrual
cycle
as
a
vital
sign
in
adolescence,
but
not
adulthood.
However,
documenting
patterns
is
routine
clinical
or
research
practice.
Vital
signs
are
used
to
predict
health
outcomes,
indicate
needed
treatment,
and
monitor
course.
They
can
help
identify
pathologies,
affirm
wellness,
responsive
exposures.
Here
we
review
scientific
evidence
showing
how
meets
these
criteria
should
therefore
be
treated
sign.
Using
key
words
controlled
vocabulary
terms,
carried
out
multiple
literature
searches,
prioritizing
inclusion
of
systematic
reviews,
meta-analyses,
practice
guidelines.
This
describes
indicator,
cyclically
impact
conditions,
its
associations
with
long-term
post-menopausal
outcomes.
We
exposures
influencing
cycle,
underlying
use
optimize
available
tools
cycles.
Supplementary
materials
include
patient
handouts
on
tracking,
an
index
related
guidelines
reviews
by
subject.
The
from
menarche
through
menopause,
underutilized
powerful
tool
understanding
gynecological
general
health.
iScience,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
26(4), P. 106401 - 106401
Published: March 15, 2023
There
has
been
increasing
public
concern
that
COVID-19
vaccination
causes
menstrual
disturbance
regarding
the
relative
effect
of
compared
to
SARS-CoV-2
infection.
Our
objectives
were
test
potential
risk
factors
for
reporting
cycle
changes
following
and
compare
parameters
disease.
We
performed
a
secondary
analysis
retrospective
online
survey
conducted
in
UK
March
2021.
In
pre-menopausal
vaccinated
participants
(n
=
4,989),
18%
reported
after
their
first
vaccine
injection.
The
prevalence
any
was
higher
women
who
smoke,
have
history
disease,
or
are
not
using
estradiol-containing
contraceptives.
second
sample
including
both
unvaccinated
12,579),
alone
associated
with
abnormal
parameters,
while
disease
an
increased
heavier
bleeding,
"missed"
periods,
inter-menstrual
bleeding.
BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
130(7), P. 803 - 812
Published: April 10, 2023
Abstract
Objective
To
assess
whether
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID‐19)
vaccination
impacts
menstrual
bleeding
quantity.
Design
Retrospective
cohort.
Setting
Five
global
regions.
Population
Vaccinated
and
unvaccinated
individuals
with
regular
cycles
using
the
digital
fertility‐awareness
application
Natural
Cycles°.
Methods
We
used
prospectively
collected
cycle
data,
multivariable
longitudinal
Poisson
generalised
estimating
equation
(GEE)
models
multinomial
logistic
regression
to
calculate
adjusted
difference
between
groups.
All
were
for
confounding
factors.
Main
outcome
measures
The
mean
number
of
heavy
days
(fewer,
no
change
or
more)
changes
in
quantity
(less,
at
three
time
points
(first
dose,
second
dose
post‐exposure
menses).
Results
included
9555
(7401
vaccinated
2154
unvaccinated).
About
two‐thirds
reported
days,
regardless
status.
After
adjusting
factors,
there
significant
differences
by
A
larger
proportion
experienced
an
increase
total
(34.5%
unvaccinated,
38.4%
vaccinated;
4.0%,
99.2%
CI
0.7%–7.2%).
This
translates
estimated
40
additional
people
per
1000
normal
who
experience
a
greater
following
first
vaccine
dose'
suffice.
Differences
resolved
post‐exposure.
Conclusions
small
probability
occurred
COVID‐19
which
after
post‐vaccination
cycle.
did
not
differ
Our
findings
can
reassure
public
that
any
are
transient.
npj Digital Medicine,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
6(1)
Published: May 29, 2023
Menstrual
characteristics
are
important
signs
of
women's
health.
Here
we
examine
the
variation
menstrual
cycle
length
by
age,
ethnicity,
and
body
weight
using
165,668
cycles
from
12,608
participants
in
US
mobile
tracking
apps.
After
adjusting
for
all
covariates,
mean
is
shorter
with
older
age
across
groups
until
50
then
became
longer
those
older.
on
average
1.6
(95%CI:
1.2,
2.0)
days
Asian
0.7
0.4,
1.0)
Hispanic
compared
to
white
non-Hispanic
participants.
Participants
BMI
≥
40
kg/m2
have
1.5
1.8)
between
18.5
25
kg/m2.
Cycle
variability
lowest
among
aged
35-39
but
considerably
higher
46%
43%,
48%)
45%
41%,
49%)
under
20
45-49.
increase
200%
191%,
210%)
above
group.
Compared
participants,
who
larger
variability.
obesity
also
confirm
previous
observations
changes
pattern
reproductive
life
span
report
new
evidence
differences
ethnicity
status.
Future
studies
should
explore
underlying
determinants
characteristics.
Vaccine,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
41(36), P. 5271 - 5282
Published: July 3, 2023
Many
signals
of
menstrual
disturbances
as
possible
side
effects
vaccination
against
COVID-19
have
been
reported.
Our
objective
was
to
compare
the
risk
before
and
after
among
women
aged
18-30
years
in
Oslo,
Norway.
We
used
electronic
questionnaires
collect
reports
from
3972
years,
participating
population-based
Norwegian
Young
Adult
Cohort.
examined
occurrence
(heavier
bleeding
than
usual,
prolonged
bleeding,
shorter
interval
between
menstruations,
longer
spot
bleedings,
stronger
pain
during
menstruation,
period
without
bleeding)
first
second
dose
vaccine.
Relative
risks
(RR)
according
were
estimated
using
a
self-controlled
case-series
design.
performed
additional
analyses
stratified
by
vaccine
brand,
contraception/hormone
use,
presence
gynecological
condition(s).
The
prevalence
any
disturbance
36.7%
last
cycle
prior
dose.
RR
for
heavier
usual
1.90
(95%
CI:
1.69-2.13)
1.84
(1.66-2.03)
Increased
menstruation
also
observed
both
doses.
RRs
did
not
differ
with
or
condition(s)
disturbances.
Menstrual
common
regardless
vaccination.
found
increased
vaccination,
particularly
pain.
In
future,
characteristics
should
be
included
trials.
BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
50(3), P. 212 - 225
Published: June 10, 2024
Menstrual
health
is
a
key
patient-reported
outcome
beyond
its
importance
as
general
indicator
of
and
fertility.
However,
menstrual
function
was
not
measured
in
the
clinical
trials
COVID-19
vaccines.
The
purpose
this
review
to
synthesise
existing
literature
on
relationship
between
vaccination
outcomes.
Molecular Pharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
21(2), P. 393 - 409
Published: Jan. 8, 2024
Female
reproductive
health
has
traditionally
been
an
underrepresented
area
of
research
in
the
drug
delivery
sciences.
This
disparity
is
also
seen
emerging
field
mRNA
therapeutics,
a
class
medicines
that
promises
to
treat
and
prevent
disease
by
upregulating
protein
expression
body.
Here,
we
review
advances
therapies
through
lens
improving
female
health.
Specifically,
begin
our
discussing
fundamental
structure
biochemical
modifications
associated
with
mRNA-based
drugs.
Then,
discuss
various
packaging
technologies,
including
lipid
nanoparticles,
can
be
utilized
protect
transport
drugs
target
cells
Last,
conclude
usage
therapy
for
addressing
pregnancy-related
vaccination
against
sexually
transmitted
diseases
women.
Of
note,
highlight
relevant
clinical
trials
using
while
providing
their
corresponding
National
Clinical
Trial
identifiers.
In
undertaking
this
review,
aim
provide
background
understanding
its
specifically
address
issues
overarching
goal
information
toward
gender
certain
aspects
research.
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 27, 2024
OBJECTIVE:
To
assess
whether
menstrual
cycle
timing
(follicular
or
luteal
phase)
of
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
vaccine
administration
is
associated
with
length
changes.
METHODS:
We
used
prospectively
collected
(2021–2022)
tracking
data
from
19,497
reproductive-aged
users
the
application
“Natural
Cycles.”
identified
was
delivered
in
follicular
phase
and
also
included
an
unvaccinated
control
group.
Our
primary
outcome
adjusted
within-individual
change
(in
days)
average
three
cycles
before
first
vaccination
(individuals
group
were
assigned
a
notional
date).
assessed
changes
second
clinically
significant
(8
days
more)
occurred
either
cycle.
RESULTS:
Most
individuals
younger
than
age
35
years
(80.1%)
North
America
(28.6%),
continental
Europe
(33.5%),
United
Kingdom
(31.7%).
In
vaccinated
group,
majority
received
mRNA
(63.8%
full
sample).
Individuals
experienced
1-day
longer
dose
COVID-19
compared
their
prevaccination
(first
dose:
1.00
day
[98.75%
CI,
0.88–1.13],
1.11
0.93–1.29]);
those
no
(respectively,
−0.09
−0.26
to
0.07],
0.06
−0.16
0.29],
0.08
−0.10
0.27],
0.17
−0.04
0.38]).
Those
during
more
likely
experience
more;
6.8%)
(3.3%
5.0%,
respectively;
P
<.001).
CONCLUSION:
vaccine–related
increases
are
receipt
half
phase).
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
143(1), P. 83 - 91
Published: Aug. 10, 2023
To
assess
whether
coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
is
associated
with
menstrual
cycle
length
changes
and,
if
so,
how
that
compares
those
undergoing
vaccination
or
no
event
(control).We
conducted
a
retrospective
cohort
analysis
in
which
we
analyzed
prospectively
tracked
cycle-length
data
from
users
of
period
tracker
application
who
also
responded
to
survey
regarding
COVID-19
symptoms
and
vaccination.
We
restricted
our
sample
aged
16-45
years,
normal
lengths
(24-38
days)
regular
tracking
behavior
during
the
five
cycles
around
similar
time
for
experiencing
(control
group).
calculated
within-user
change
(days)
three
consecutive
preevent
average
(either
vaccination,
disease,
neither;
1-3)
(cycle
4)
postevent
5)
cycles.
used
mixed-effects
models
estimate
age-
country-adjusted
difference
across
groups.We
included
6,514
110
countries
representing
32,570
(COVID-19
symptoms:
1,450;
vaccination:
4,643;
control:
421).
The
experienced
1.45-day
adjusted
increase
4
compared
their
(95%
CI
0.86-2.04).
vaccinated
group
1.14-day
vaccine)
0.60-1.69).
control
(neither
vaccine
nor
disease)
0.68-day
decrease
-1.18
-0.19)
period.
Post
hoc
tests
showed
significant
differences
magnitude
between
cohorts.
In
both
cohorts,
disappeared
cycle.Experiencing
small
These
resolve
quickly
within
next
cycle.