Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

Environmental Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 209, P. 112816 - 112816

Published: Jan. 29, 2022

Language: Английский

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Omicron: What Makes the Latest SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern So Concerning?

Journal of Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 96(6)

Published: Feb. 28, 2022

Emerging strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, that show increased transmission fitness and/or immune evasion are classified as "variants concern" (VOCs). Recently, a SARS-CoV-2 variant first identified in November 2021 South Africa has been recognized fifth VOC, termed "Omicron." What makes this VOC so alarming is high number changes, especially viral Spike protein, and accumulating evidence for efficiency escape from neutralizing antibodies. In an amazingly short time, Omicron outcompeted previously dominating Delta VOC. However, it seems overall less pathogenic than other VOCs. Here, we provide overview mutations genome resulting changes proteins compared to discuss their potential functional consequences.

Language: Английский

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The Evolution and Biology of SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. a041390 - a041390

Published: April 20, 2022

Our understanding of the still unfolding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic would have been extremely limited without study genetics and evolution this new human coronavirus. Large-scale genome-sequencing efforts provided close to real-time tracking global spread diversification SARS-CoV-2 since its entry into population in late 2019. These data underpinned analysis origins, epidemiology, adaptations population: principally immune evasion increasing transmissibility. SARS-CoV-2, despite being a pathogen, was highly capable human-to-human transmission. During rapid humans, has evolved independent forms, so-called "variants concern," that are better optimized for The most important adaptation bat progenitor both SARS-CoV-1 infection (and other mammals) is use angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor. Relaxed structural constraints provide plasticity SARS-related spike protein permitting it accommodate significant amino acid replacements antigenic consequence compromising ability bind ACE2. Although bulk research justifiably concentrated on viral as main determinant changes transmissibility, there accumulating evidence contribution regions proteome virus-host interaction. Whereas levels community transmission recombinants genetically distinct variants at present low, when divergent cocirculate, recombination between clades detected, risk viruses with properties emerge. Applying computational machine learning methods genome sequence sets generate experimentally verifiable predictions will serve an early warning system novel variant surveillance be future vaccine planning. Omicron, latest concern, focused attention step change events, "shift," opposed incremental "drift" antigenicity. Both increase transmissibility shift Omicron led readily causing infections fully vaccinated and/or previously infected. Omicron's virulence, while reduced relative concern replaced, Delta, very much premised past exposure individuals clear signal boosted vaccination protects from disease. Currently, proven itself dangerous pathogen unpredictable evolutionary capacity, leading too great not ensure all world screened by sequencing, protected through available affordable vaccines, non-punitive strategies place detecting responding concern.

Language: Английский

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Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) and its sublineages: What do we know so far amid the emergence of recombinant variants of SARS-CoV-2?

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 154, P. 113522 - 113522

Published: Aug. 15, 2022

Since the start of COVID-19 pandemic, numerous variants SARS-CoV-2 have been reported worldwide. The advent concern (VOCs) raises severe concerns amid serious containment efforts against that include physical measures, pharmacological repurposing, immunization, and genomic/community surveillance. Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has identified as a highly modified, contagious, crucial among five VOCs SARS-CoV-2. increased affinity spike protein (S-protein), host receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), due to higher number mutations in receptor-binding domain (RBD) S-protein proposed primary reason for decreased efficacy majorly available vaccines transmissible nature variant. Because its significant competitive advantage, sublineages swiftly surpassed other become dominant circulating lineages nations. prevalent strain United Kingdom South Africa. Furthermore, emergence recombinant through conjunction with or by mixing variant's sublineages/subvariants poses major threat humanity. This various issues hazards regarding sublineages, such an breakout susceptible populations fully vaccinated persons. As result, understanding features genetic implications this is crucial. Hence, we explained depth evolution analyzed repercussions on infectiousness, dissemination ability, viral entry mechanism, immune evasion. We also presented viewpoint feasible strategies precluding counteracting any future catastrophic spread omicron could result detrimental wave cases.

Language: Английский

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Antioxidant effects of seaweeds and their active compounds on animal health and production – a review

Veterinary Quarterly, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 42(1), P. 48 - 67

Published: April 1, 2022

Natural antioxidants applied as feed additives can improve not only animals' health and overall performance but also increase their resistance to environmental stress such heat stress, bad housing conditions, diseases, etc. Marine organisms, for example seaweeds - red, brown, green macroalgae contain a plethora of biologically active substances, including phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, pigments, vitamins, micro- macroelements, proteins known antioxidant activity, which help in the maintenance appropriate redox status animals show pleiotropic effects enhancing good health, productivity. The dysregulated production free radicals is marked characteristic several clinical machinery plays pivotal role scavenging excessive radicals, thereby preventing treating infections animals. Supplementation animal diet boost immunity, gut environment. Dietary supplementation enhance meat quality due deposition marine-derived components muscles. use natural industry practical approach minimize or prevent lipid oxidation. However, overconsumption seaweeds, especially brown macroalgae, should be avoided because high iodine content. An important point consider when variable composition depends on species, habitat, location, harvest time, growing conditions nutrient concentration water, light intensity, temperature, This review highlights beneficial applications extracted have properties impact production.

Language: Английский

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Nanovaccines: A game changing approach in the fight against infectious diseases

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 167, P. 115597 - 115597

Published: Sept. 30, 2023

The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven be a valuable pawn this novel technology. are made up nanoparticles that associated with or prepared components can stimulate host's immune system. In addition their delivery capabilities, nanocarriers been demonstrated possess intrinsic adjuvant properties, working as cell stimulators. Thus, nanovaccines potential promote rapid well long-lasting humoral cellular immunity. several possible benefits, including site-specific antigen delivery, increased bioavailability, diminished adverse effect profile. To avail these nanoparticle-based vaccines being developed, virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, lipid emulsion vaccines, exomes, inorganic nanoparticles. Inspired by distinctive researchers on development for variety applications, such cancer immunotherapy diseases. Although few challenges still need overcome, modulation nanoparticle pharmacokinetics avoid elimination from bloodstream reticuloendothelial system, future prospects technology also assuring, multiple options personalised needle-free formulations, combination promising candidates.

Language: Английский

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Global SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance: What we have learned (so far)

Infection Genetics and Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 108, P. 105405 - 105405

Published: Jan. 18, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant challenges for genomic surveillance strategies in public health systems worldwide. During the past thirty-four months, many countries faced several epidemic waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections, driven mainly by emergence and spread novel variants. In that line, been a crucial toolkit to study real-time evolution, assessment optimization diagnostic assays, improve efficacy existing vaccines. pandemic, identification emerging lineages carrying lineage-specific mutations (particularly those Receptor Binding domain) showed how these might significantly impact viral transmissibility, protection from reinfection vaccination. So far, an unprecedented number genomes released databases (i.e., GISAID, NCBI), achieving 14 million genome sequences available as early-November 2022. present review, we summarise global landscape during first months circulation evolution. It demonstrates urgency importance sustained investment timely identify any potential pathogen or associated variants, which turn is key preparedness.

Language: Английский

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Overcoming the limitations of wildlife disease monitoring

Research Directions One Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 2

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Abstract Integrated wildlife monitoring (IWM) combines infection dynamics and the ecology of populations, including aspects defining host community network. Developing implementing IWM is a worldwide priority that faces major constraints biases should be considered addressed when these systems. We identify eleven main limitations in establishment IWM, which could summarized into funding lack harmonization information exchange. The solutions proposed to overcome comprise: (i) selecting indicator species through network analysis, (ii) identifying key pathogens investigate monitor, potentially nonspecific health markers, (iii) improve standardize harmonized methodologies can applied as well communication among stakeholders across within countries, (iv) integration new noninvasive technologies (e.g., camera trapping (CT) environmental nucleic acid detection) tools are under ongoing research artificial intelligence speed-up CT analyses, microfluidic polymerase chain reaction sample volume constraints, or filter paper samples facilitate transport). Achieving optimizing must allows drivers epidemics predicting trends changes disease population before pathogen crosses interspecific barriers.

Language: Английский

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Coronavirus Infection and Cholesterol Metabolism

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: April 21, 2022

Host cholesterol metabolism remodeling is significantly associated with the spread of human pathogenic coronaviruses, suggesting virus-host relationships could be affected by cholesterol-modifying drugs. Cholesterol has an important role in coronavirus entry, membrane fusion, and pathological syncytia formation, therefore metabolic mechanisms may promising drug targets for infections. Moreover, its metabolizing enzymes or corresponding natural products exert antiviral effects which are closely individual viral steps during replication. Furthermore, disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 infections clinically significant low levels, function as a potential marker monitoring infection status. Therefore, weaponizing dysregulation against effective strategy. In this review, we comprehensively review literature to clarify how coronaviruses exploit host accommodate replication requirements interfere immune responses. We also focus on targeting homeostasis critical infection.

Language: Английский

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Understanding the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) exposure in companion, captive, wild, and farmed animals

Virulence, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 2777 - 2786

Published: Oct. 26, 2021

Several animal species, including ferrets, hamsters, monkeys, and raccoon dogs, have been shown to be susceptible experimental infection by the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV SARS-CoV-2, which were responsible for 2003 SARS outbreak 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, respectively. Emerging studies that SARS-CoV-2 natural of pet dogs cats is also possible, but its prevalence not fully understood. Experimentally, it has demonstrated replicates more efficiently in than can transmit virus through aerosols. With approximately 470 million 370 cohabitating with their owners worldwide, finding these household pets important implications potential zoonotic transmission events during COVID-19 pandemic well future SARS-related outbreaks. Here, we describe some ongoing worldwide surveillance efforts assess exposure companion, captive, wild, farmed animals, provide perspectives on intra- inter-species transmissions, evolution, human-animal interface along public health. Some develop implement a new vaccine animals are discussed. Surveillance initiatives track exposures necessary accurately determine impact veterinary health, define reservoir sources evolutionary dynamics.

Language: Английский

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