Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review

Frontiers in Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Jan. 20, 2023

Purpose Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, refers to the constellation long-term symptoms experienced by people suffering persistent for one or more months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood biomarkers can be altered in long COVID patients; however, associated with and their roles disease progression remain undetermined. This study aims systematically evaluate blood that may act indicators therapeutic targets COVID. Methods A systematic literature review PubMed, Embase, CINAHL was performed on 18 August 2022. The search keywords COVID-19 were used filter out eligible studies, which then carefully evaluated. Results Identified from 28 studies representing six biological classifications, 113 significantly COVID: (1) Cytokine/Chemokine (38, 33.6%); (2) Biochemical markers (24, 21.2%); (3) Vascular (20, 17.7%); (4) Neurological (6, 5.3%); (5) Acute phase protein (5, 4.4%); (6) Others 17.7%). Compared healthy control recovered patients without symptoms, 79 increased, 29 decreased, 5 required further determination patients. Of these, up-regulated Interleukin 6, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha might serve potential diagnostic Moreover, neurological exhibited higher levels neurofilament light chain glial fibrillary acidic whereas those pulmonary a level transforming growth beta. Conclusion present elevated inflammatory initial Our found significant associations between specific symptoms. Further investigations are warranted identify core set diagnose manage clinical practice.

Language: Английский

---

Neuropsychiatric aspects of long COVID: A comprehensive review

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 77(2), P. 84 - 93

Published: Nov. 17, 2022

Although some patients have persistent symptoms or develop new following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, neuropsychiatric aspects of long COVID are not well known. This review summarizes and provides an update on the dimensions COVID. Its manifestations commonly include fatigue, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder. There no specific tests for COVID, but characteristic findings such as hypometabolism positron emission tomography been reported. The possible mechanisms inflammation, ischemic effects, direct viral invasion, social environmental changes. Some patient characteristics severity complications acute COVID-19 infection may be associated with increased risk symptoms. Long resolve spontaneously persist, depending type established treatments lacking, various psychological pharmacological attempted. Vaccination against plays a key role in prevention disease. With differences among SARS-CoV-2 variants, including omicron variant, likely to change future. Further studies clarifying effective warranted.

Language: Английский

---

Inflammatory and vascular biomarkers in post‐COVID‐19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of over 20 biomarkers

Reviews in Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 33(2)

Published: Jan. 27, 2023

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may inflict a post‐viral condition known as post‐COVID‐19 (PCS) or long‐COVID. Studies measuring levels of inflammatory and vascular biomarkers in blood, serum, plasma COVID‐19 survivors with PCS versus non‐PCS controls have produced mixed findings. Our review sought to meta‐analyse those studies. A systematic literature search was performed across five databases until 25 June 2022, an updated on 1 November 2022. Data analyses were Review Manager R Studio statistical software. Twenty‐four from 23 studies meta‐analysed. Higher C‐reactive protein (Standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.02–0.39), D‐dimer (SMD 0.27; 0.09–0.46), lactate dehydrogenase 0.30; 0.05–0.54), leukocytes 0.34; 0.02–0.66) found than without PCS. After sensitivity analyses, lymphocytes 0.12–0.48) interleukin‐6 0.12–0.49) also significantly higher cases. No significant differences noted the remaining investigated (e.g., ferritin, platelets, troponin, fibrinogen). Subgroup suggested biomarker changes mainly driven by cases diagnosed via manifestation organ abnormalities rather symptomatic persistence, well duration <6 ≥6 months. In conclusion, our pinpointed certain associated PCS, which shed light potential new approaches understanding, diagnosing, treating

Language: Английский

---

Long COVID, the Brain, Nerves, and Cognitive Function

Neurology International, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(3), P. 821 - 841

Published: July 6, 2023

SARS-CoV-2, a single-stranded RNA coronavirus, causes an illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Long-term complications are increasing issue in patients who have been infected with COVID-19 and may be result of viral-associated systemic central nervous system inflammation or arise from virus-induced hypercoagulable state. incite changes brain function wide range lingering symptoms. Patients often experience fatigue note fog, sensorimotor symptoms, sleep disturbances. Prolonged neurological neuropsychiatric symptoms prevalent can interfere substantially everyday life, leading to massive public health concern. The mechanistic pathways by which SARS-CoV-2 infection sequelae important subject ongoing research. Inflammation- induced blood-brain barrier permeability viral neuro-invasion direct nerve damage involved. Though the mechanisms uncertain, resulting documented numerous patient reports studies. This review examines constellation spectrum seen long COVID incorporates information on prevalence these contributing factors, typical course. Although treatment options generally lacking, potential therapeutic approaches for alleviating improving quality life explored.

Language: Английский

---

Long COVID clinical evaluation, research and impact on society: a global expert consensus

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 24(1)

Published: April 20, 2025

Abstract Background Long COVID is a complex, heterogeneous syndrome affecting over four hundred million people globally. There are few recommendations, and no formal training exists for medical professionals to assist with clinical evaluation management of patients COVID. More research into the pathology, cellular, molecular mechanisms COVID, treatments needed. The goal this work disseminate essential information about recommendations definition, diagnosis, treatment, social issues physicians, researchers, policy makers address escalating global health crisis. Methods A 3-round modified Delphi consensus methodology was distributed internationally 179 healthcare professionals, persons lived experience in 28 countries. Statements were combined specific areas: research, society. Results survey resulted 187 comprehensive statements reaching strongest areas being diagnosis assessment, general research. We establish conditions different subgroups within umbrella. Clear reached that impacts COVID-19 infection on children should be priority, additionally need determine effects societies economies. it affects nervous system other organs not likely observed initial symptoms. note, biomarkers critically needed these issues. Conclusions This forms guidance spectrum as disease reinforces translational large-scale treatment trials protocols.

Language: Английский

---

Clinical trials on the pharmacological treatment of long COVID: A systematic review

Journal of Medical Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 95(1)

Published: Nov. 9, 2022

Abstract The postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection (PASC), also known as post‐acute disease 19 (COVID‐19) or the long COVID (long COVID) is an emerging public health concern. A substantial proportion individuals may remain symptomatic months after initial recovery. An updated review published and ongoing trials focusing on managing will help identify gaps address unmet needs patients suffering from this potentially debilitating syndrome. comprehensive literature search was conducted international databases clinical trial registries inception to 31 July 2022. This included 6 54 registration records. There significant heterogeneity in characterization ascertainment primary outcomes. Most are focused individual symptoms isolated organ dysfunction, classified according cardiovascular, functional capacity, neurological psychological, fatigue, olfactory dysfunction. interventions related mechanisms causing symptoms. Although six showed improvement dysfunction studied, these studies lack internal external validity limiting generalizability. provides update pharmacological agents that could be used treat COVID. Further standardization diagnostic criteria, inclusion participants with concomitant chronic cardiometabolic diseases outcomes essential future trials.

Language: Английский

---

Neuropsychological impairment in post-COVID condition individuals with and without cognitive complaints

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: Oct. 20, 2022

One of the most prevalent symptoms post-COVID condition is cognitive impairment, which results in a significant degree disability and low quality life. In studies with large sample sizes, attention, memory, executive function were reported as long-term symptoms. This study aims to describe dysfunction individuals, compare objective neuropsychological performance those individuals without complaints, identify short exams that can differentiate from controls. To address these aims, Nautilus project was started June 2021. During first year, we collected 428 participants' data, including 319 109 healthy controls (18-65 years old) who underwent comprehensive battery for assessment. Scores on tests assessing global cognition, learning processing speed, language functions significantly worse group than Montreal Cognitive Assessment, digit symbol test, phonetic verbal fluency binomial logistic regression model could effectively distinguish patients good overall sensitivity accuracy. Neuropsychological test did not differ between complaints. Our research suggests conditions experience impairment routine like symbol, might impairment. Thus, administration would be helpful all post-COVID-19 symptoms, regardless whether complaints are present or absent.www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifiers NCT05307549 NCT05307575.

Language: Английский

---

Preliminary Guidelines for the Clinical Evaluation and Management of Long COVID

Infection and Chemotherapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 54(3), P. 566 - 566

Published: Jan. 1, 2022

Long-lasting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms beyond 12 weeks, the so-called 'long COVID' have been increasingly reported worldwide. Long COVID can be manifested in various forms, and there is an increasing demand for proper assessment management. However, it challenging when trying to determine best-practice standards of care based on current evidence because no internationally agreed clinical definition or clear treatment pathway. Therefore, present guidelines drafted provide advice diagnosis management latest updated available consensus expert opinion. So far, standard test drug strongly recommended patients with long a lack evidence. The key questions, including appropriate interventions that used practice. Continuous careful observation studies related are needed long-term impact COVID-19 determined.

Language: Английский

---

The role of immune activation and antigen persistence in acute and long COVID

Journal of Investigative Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 71(5), P. 545 - 562

Published: March 6, 2023

In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered the global disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although most infections cause a self-limited comparable to other upper viral pathogens, portion of individuals develop illness leading substantial morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, an estimated 10%–20% SARS-CoV-2 are followed by post-acute sequelae COVID-19 (PASC), or long COVID. Long COVID is associated with wide variety clinical manifestations including cardiopulmonary complications, persistent fatigue, neurocognitive dysfunction. Severe hyperactivation increased inflammation, which may be underlying in subset individuals. However, immunologic mechanisms driving development still under investigation. Early pandemic, our group others observed immune dysregulation persisted into convalescence after COVID-19. We subsequently cohort experiencing demonstrated SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + CD8 T-cell responses antibody affinity patients symptoms. These data suggest symptoms due chronic activation presence antigen. This review summarizes literature date detailing how these observations relate addition, we discuss recent findings support antigen evidence that this phenomenon contributes local systemic inflammation heterogeneous nature seen

Language: Английский

---

Pneumonia-Induced Inflammation, Resolution and Cardiovascular Disease: Causes, Consequences and Clinical Opportunities

Circulation Research, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 132(6), P. 751 - 774

Published: March 16, 2023

Pneumonia is inflammation in the lungs, which usually caused by an infection. The symptoms of pneumonia can vary from mild to life-threatening, where severe illness often observed vulnerable populations like children, older adults, and those with preexisting health conditions. Vaccines have greatly reduced burden some most common causes pneumonia, use antimicrobials has improved survival this However, survivors do not return their preinfection trajectories but instead experience accelerated decline increased risk cardiovascular disease. mechanisms association are well understood, a persistent dysregulated inflammatory response post-pneumonia appears play central role. It proposed that during left unregulated exacerbates atherosclerotic vascular disease, ultimately leads adverse cardiac events such as myocardial infarction. For reason, there need better understand cross talk between lungs heart after develop therapeutics focus on preventing pneumonia-associated events. This review will provide overview known triggered relevance follows We also discuss opportunities for new clinical approaches leveraging strategies promote resolution pathways novel therapeutic target reduce post-pneumonia.

Language: Английский

---