Laboratory Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis in COVID-19

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: April 27, 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, with progression to multiorgan failure in the most severe cases. Several biomarkers can be altered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and they associated diagnosis, prognosis, outcomes. The used COVID-19 include several proinflammatory cytokines, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), neutrophil count, neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio, troponins, creatine kinase (MB), myoglobin, D-dimer, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), its N-terminal pro-hormone (NT-proBNP). Some these readily predict severity, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mortality, while others, such as metabolomic proteomic analysis, have not yet translated practice. This narrative review aims identify laboratory that shown significant diagnostic prognostic value for risk stratification discuss possible application novel analytic strategies, like metabolomics proteomics. Future research should focus on identifying limited but essential number easily prognosis outcome COVID-19.

Language: Английский

---

Thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(6), P. 336 - 348

Published: Feb. 12, 2024

Language: Английский

---

COVID-19 and thyroid function: What do we know so far?

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Dec. 19, 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was characterized as a pandemic in March, 2020 by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 is respiratory syndrome that can progress to acute distress syndrome, multiorgan dysfunction, and eventually death. Despite being considered disease, it known other organs systems be affected COVID-19, including thyroid gland. Thyroid gland, well hypothalamus pituitary, which regulate functioning of most endocrine glands, express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), main protein functions receptor SARS-CoV-2 binds enter host cells. In addition, gland extremely sensitive changes body homeostasis metabolism. Immune system cells are targets for hormones T3 T4 modulate specific immune responses, cell-mediated immunity, natural killer cell activity, antiviral action interferon (IFN) proliferation T- B-lymphocytes. However, studies show patients with controlled hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism do not have higher prevalence nor they worse prognosis when infected virus. On hand, retrospective observational studies, prospective case reports published last two years reported abnormal function related infection or even several weeks after its resolution. Indeed, variety disorders been documented patients, non-thyroidal illness (NTIS), subacute thyroiditis thyrotoxicosis. has already consequence administration vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Overall, data revealed may occur during convalescence post-COVID condition phase. Although cellular molecular mechanisms completely understood, evidence suggests “cytokine storm” an important mediator this context. Thus, future needed better investigate pathophysiology dysfunction induced at both clinical levels.

Language: Английский

---

Post-COVID-19 Condition: Where Are We Now?

Life, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 517 - 517

Published: March 31, 2022

COVID-19 is currently considered a systemic infection involving multiple systems and causing chronic complications. Compared to other post-viral fatigue syndromes, these complications are wider more intense. The most frequent symptoms profound fatigue, dyspnea, sleep difficulties, anxiety or depression, reduced lung capacity, memory/cognitive impairment, hyposmia/anosmia. Risk factors for this condition severity of illness, than five in the first week disease, female sex, older age, presence comorbidities, weak anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Different lines research have attempted explain protracted symptoms; persistent inflammation, autonomic nervous system disruption, hypometabolism, autoimmunity may play role. Due thyroid high ACE expression, key molecular complex SARS-CoV-2 uses infect host cells, be target coronavirus infection. Thyroid dysfunction after combination numerous mechanisms, its role long-COVID manifestations not yet established. proposed mechanisms direct effect on an indirect inflammatory immune response, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis leading decreased serum TSH. Only few studies reported gland status post-COVID-19 condition. post-COVID deserves recognition as cause syndrome. It important recognize affected individuals at early stage so we can offer them adequate treatments, helping thrive through uncertainty their

Language: Английский

---

The Association Between COVID-19 and Thyroxine Levels: A Meta-Analysis

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Jan. 4, 2022

Objectives Recently, a number of reports have described the potential relationship between COVID-19 and thyroid hormones, but results were conflicting. We performed meta-analysis to evaluate effect severity on thyroid-related hormones outcome in order try confirm association serum levels free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroxine (FT4) stimulating hormone (TSH) or mortality coronavirus-19 patients. Methods The methodology was already registered International Prospective Register Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database, protocol is CRD42021269246. searches carried out Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed Web Science databases November 15, 2021. set up literature search strategy based following keywords: [(T3 OR FT3 triiodothyronine) (T4 FT4 thyroxine) (TSH thyrotropin)] (COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2), without time restrictions. Results Twenty studies satisfied inclusion/exclusion criteria included meta-analysis. A total 3609 patients enrolled study. From analysis studies, incidence abnormalities higher with severe COVID-19, TSH lower than those nonsevere COVID-19. However, difference not significant. Similar characteristics shown survivors nonsurvivors. In addition, outcomes showed that abnormal had greater mortality. Conclusions Low levels, low may increase during admission. On other hand, level probability decreases FT3, FT4, levels.

Language: Английский

---

The New Entity of Subacute Thyroiditis amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: From Infection to Vaccine

Diagnostics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(4), P. 960 - 960

Published: April 12, 2022

This is a review of full-length articles strictly concerning subacute thyroiditis (SAT) in relation to the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection (SVI) and COVID-19 vaccine (COV) that were published between 1st March 2020 21st 2022 PubMed-indexed journals. A total 161 cases reported as follows: 81 SAT-SVI (2 retrospective studies, 5 case series, 29 reports), 80 respective SAT-COV (1 longitudinal study, 14 17 reports; also, 1 prospective study included 12 patients, with 6 patients each category). To our knowledge, this represents largest cohort until present time. was detected adults aged 18 85 years, mostly middle-aged females. SAT-COVID-19 timing classifies SAT viral (synchronous infection, which an original feature SATs usually follow infection) post-viral (during recovery period or after within 8 weeks, up maximum 24 weeks). The clinical spectrum has two patterns: either accompanying severe multi-organ spreading (most frequent lung involvement) asymptomatic being single manifestation first presentation. Either way, may remain unrecognized. Some data suggest more intense neck pain, fever, hypothyroidism at 3 months are identified when compared non-SAT-SVI, but other authors have similar presentations outcomes. Post-COVID-19 fatigue be due residual post-SAT hypothyroidism. practical importance derives from fact thyroid hormone anomalies aggravate general status infections (particular concerns tachycardia/arrhythmias, cardiac insufficiency, ischemic events). If misdiagnosed, results unnecessary treatment anti-thyroid drugs even antibiotics for fever unknown cause. Once recognized, does not seem require particular approach non-COVID-19 cases, including need glucocorticoid therapy rate permanent complete resolution inflammation expected, except persistent follows few hours average 2 weeks (no pattern related second dose). Pathogenesis includes molecular mimicry immunoinflammatory anomalies, some suggested part ASIA syndrome (autoimmune/inflammatory induced by adjuvants). An alternative hypothesis vaccine-related increased autoimmunity vaccine-induced hyperviscosity; however, supported incomplete evidence. From what we know so far risk factors, prior episode non-SVI-SAT associated higher SAT-COV, nor previous history coronavirus itself. Post-vaccine less presentation good outcome. Generally, female sex prone developing any type SAT. HLA susceptibility probably both new types SATs. current low level statistical evidence expected change future. Practitioners should aware restrict immunization protocols case.

Language: Английский

---

Association of thyroid dysfunction and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Oct. 28, 2022

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on thyroid function role hormones alterations in predicting severity COVID-19. Online databases, including Scopus, Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Cochrane were searched up August 2, 2022. After screening titles, abstracts, full manuscripts, respectively, 30 reports enrolled. The risk bias (ROB) evaluated using QUADAS-2 tool. In addition, odds ratio (OR) hazard (HR) analysis for assessing OR abnormal tests (TFT) poor outcomes. Among enrolled studies, ROB current study is estimated low moderate. average number patients each 325 (range: 40-3,703), with an overall mean age 57.6, female proportion 40.4%. Overall, pooled showed that prevalence dysfunction among 9,707 cases 15%. mild moderate patients, 6.2% had TFT, who experienced severe critical COVID-19, 20.8% TFT. TFT obtained from 3,865 3.77 (2.03, 6.99). HR TSH level mortality 1.57 (0.91, 2.72). Our results demonstrate a high 3.77-fold higher compared Further studies are required longer-term prognostic investigate potential therapeutic strategies.

Language: Английский

---

Endocrine Disorders and COVID-19

Annual Review of Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 74(1), P. 75 - 88

Published: Sept. 24, 2022

The multifaceted interaction between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the endocrine system has been a major area of scientific research over past two years. While common endocrine/metabolic disorders such as obesity diabetes have recognized among significant risk factors for COVID-19 severity, several organs were identified to be targeted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). New-onset related reported while long-term effects, if any, are yet determined. Meanwhile, “stay home” measures during pandemic caused interruption in care patients with pre-existing may impeded diagnosis treatment new ones. This review aims outline this complex synthesizing current knowledge obtained from clinical pathophysiological studies, emphasize considerations future research.

Language: Английский

---

Associations of reverse triiodothyronine serum levels with anxiety, depression, and health related quality of life after experiencing acute ischemic stroke

Frontiers in Neurology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15

Published: Jan. 7, 2025

This study intended to explore associations of reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) with emotional disturbances and health-related quality life (HRQoL) after experiencing acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Serum samples from individuals AIS were collected on admission three Lithuania centers investigated for free tetraiodothyronine, (fT3), rT3, thyroid stimulating hormone levels. At discharge, disturbance was evaluated using the Hospital Depression Anxiety Scale (HADS), HRQoL EQ-5D-5L scale. Analyses included 159 (59.7% male 40.3% female; mean (SD) aged 66.4 [10.3] years), 52.83% which showed increased rT3 levels upon admission. After adjustment age, sex, National Institutes Health Stroke scores, previous stroke, modified Rankin before ≤ 2, diabetes mellitus, multivariable linear regression revealed negative HADS total score (β = -0.163; p 0.046) HADS-D subscale -0.187; 0.019). supported a positive relationship between fT3 ratio 0.157; × product EQ-5D index 0.044 β 0.179; 0.023, respectively). We found that who experienced had higher at hospital less better when discharged.

Language: Английский

---

Type 3 deiodinase activation mediated by the Shh/Gli1 axis promotes sepsis-induced metabolic dysregulation in skeletal muscles

Burns & Trauma, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Abstract Background Non-thyroidal illness syndrome is commonly observed in critically ill patients, characterized by the inactivation of systemic thyroid hormones (TH), which aggravates metabolic dysfunction. Recent evidence indicates that enhanced TH mediated reactivation type 3 deiodinase (Dio3) at tissue level, culminating a perturbed local equilibrium. This study assessed whether targeted inhibition Dio3 can maintain homeostasis under septic conditions and explored mechanism behind reactivation. Methods A retrospective clinical was conducted to investigate attributes rT3. The expression detected immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical staining tissues extracted from CLP-induced rats human biopsy samples. In addition, effect on skeletal muscle metabolism with knockdown using an adeno-associated virus. effectiveness Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling levels receiving cyclopamine. mechanisms underlying such were RNA-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation–qPCR assays. Results main product Dio3, rT3, strongly associated organ function. Early sepsis leads significant upregulation muscles lung rats. restores responsiveness, prevents fast-to-slow fiber conversion, preserves glucose transporter 4 functionality, maintains balance between protein synthesis proteolysis, preserved mass. transcriptionally regulated Shh pathway induced signal transducer activator transcription 3. Conclusions suppression actions, attenuates ameliorates anabolic resistance rats, thereby improving homeostasis. Our results provide insights into its critical role alterations sepsis, while also suggesting novel targets aimed ameliorating tissue-specific disorders.

Language: Английский

---