Confirmation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Associated with an Unexpected Mortality Event in South Polar Skuas (Stercorarius maccormicki) during 2023-2024 Surveillance Activities in Antarctica

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 11, 2024

Abstract From December 2023 to March 2024, a surveillance program detect HPAI H5N1 was performed on Antarctica Territory, at Fildes Peninsula (King George Island, Maritime Antarctic), and James Ross Island. At Peninsula, samples from marine birds mammals four sampling locations were collected, based their accessibility the presence of animal colonies: Ardley which presents high concentration Gentoo penguins ( Pygoscelis papua ); Cove small groups likely non-reproductive Chinstrap antarcticus Southern elephant Mirounga leonina ) Weddell Leptonycotes wedellii seals haul-out sites; and, nesting site giant petrels Macronectes giganteus ). On February 28 th group received request for sample collection, due observation deceased seabirds Island in area neighboring Lachman lakes (63.7989 S, 57.8105 W). Six five dead South polar skuas Stercorarius maccormicki collected 3 rd , 2024. All adhering Antarctic Treaty guidelines. After collecting total 943 all results tested negative, no individuals had clinical signs or behaviors compatible with HPAI. However, confirmed positive clade 2.3.4.4 by specific real-time RT-PCR reactions. These first mortality event registered (south 60°S) caused H5N1, this case skuas. Further studies are needed genetically characterize virus better understand role dynamics viral dissemination Antarctica.

Language: Английский

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Descriptive epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in British Columbia (B.C.) and the Yukon, Canada, September 2022 to June 2023

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Aug. 15, 2024

Surveillance data from wildlife and poultry was used to describe the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in British Columbia (B.C.) Yukon, Canada September 2022 - June 2023 compared first "wave" outbreak this region, which occurred April August 2022, after initial viral introduction. Although number HPAI-positive farms samples greater "Wave 2", cases were more tightly clustered southwestern B.C. most commonly affected species differed, likely due an influx overwintering waterfowl area. Eight HPAI genetic clusters, representing seven genotypes two inter-continental incursions, detected, with significant variation relative abundance each cluster between waves. Phylogenetic suggests multiple spillover events wild birds mammals but could not rule out transmission among mammals.

Language: Английский

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A Review of Circumpolar Arctic Marine Mammal Health—A Call to Action in a Time of Rapid Environmental Change

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(7), P. 937 - 937

Published: July 14, 2023

The impacts of climate change on the health marine mammals are increasingly being recognised. Given rapid rate environmental in Arctic, potential ramifications this region a particular concern. There eleven endemic Arctic mammal species (AMMs) comprising three cetaceans, seven pinnipeds, and polar bear (Ursus maritimus). All these dependent sea ice for survival, particularly those requiring breeding. As air water temperatures increase, additional previously non-resident waters extending their ranges northward, leading to greater overlaps concomitant increased risk disease transmission. In study, we review literature documenting presence understand current causes morbidity mortality forecast future issues. Our highlights pathogen occurrence changing environment, discussing surveillance methods 35 specific pathogens, identifying factors associated with diseases, as well making recommendations monitoring emerging pathogens. Several pathogens discussed have cause unusual events AMMs. Brucella, morbillivirus, influenza A virus, Toxoplasma gondii all concern, relative naivety immune systems species. is clear need baseline levels address gravity predicted

Language: Английский

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Epidemiology and phylodynamics of multiple clades of H5N1 circulating in domestic duck farms in different production systems in Bangladesh

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: July 6, 2023

Waterfowl are considered to be natural reservoirs of the avian influenza virus (AIV). However, dynamics transmission and evolutionary patterns AIV its subtypes within duck farms in Bangladesh remain poorly documented. Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted nine districts between 2019 2021, determine prevalence H5 H9, as well identify risk factors phylodynamics H5N1 clades circulating domestic farms. The oropharyngeal cloacal swab samples were tested for Matrix gene (M-gene) followed by H5, H7, H9 using rRT-PCR. exploratory analysis performed estimate subtype different production systems, multivariable logistic regression model used that influence infection ducks. Bayesian phylogenetic generate maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree likelihood method relationships viruses isolated from detected 40% (95% CI: 33.0–48.1) highest nomadic ducks (39.8%; 95% 32.9–47.1), commercial (24.6%; 14.5–37.3) backyard (14.4%; 10.5–19.2). also (19.4%; 14.0–25.7). revealed (AOR: 2.4; 1.45–3.93), juvenile 2.2; 1.37–3.61), sick 11.59; 4.82–32.44) had higher AIV. Similarly, detection 40.8; 16.3–115.3). belong two distinct clades, 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.4.4b. 2.3.2.1a (reassorted) has been evolving silently since 2015 forming at least subgroups based on >90% posterior probability. Notably, 2.3.4.4b introduced end year 2020, which genetically similar wild birds Japan, China, Africa, indicating migration-associated an emerging panzootic clade. We recommend continuing surveillance system preventing intermingling with migratory waterfowl wetlands.

Language: Английский

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Spatio-temporal dynamics and drivers of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Chile

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 24, 2023

ABSTRACT Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b (hereafter H5N1) is causing vast impacts on biodiversity and poultry around the globe. In Chile it was first reported December 7 th , 2022, in a pelican ( Pelecanus thagus ) found dead northern city of Arica. following months, lethal cases were wide range wild bird species, marine mammals, backyard industrial poultry, human. Despite its high impact spread, not well-known what environmental factors are associated with outbreaks. This study describes spatio-temporal patterns current epizootic test ecological anthropogenic drivers that could be outbreak occurrence. We used by Chilean national animal health authority to World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) from 9 March 3 rd 2023. These included confirmed through specific real-time PCR assay (qPCR), obtained passive active surveillance. Data analyzed detect presence clusters under space-time permutation probability modelling, association between distance days since linear regression, correlation variables general modelling. From 197 identified outbreaks, involving 478 individual among domestic birds, wave-like steady spread north south identified, can help predict hotspots risk establish targeted preventive measures. For instance, 14 statistically significant largest located central (18-29 km radius) where production concentrated. Also, one Tocopilla, location human case occurred time later. addition, outbreaks positively correlated richness, footprint, precipitation wettest month, minimum temperature coldest mean diurnal temperature. contrast, negatively closest urban center, seasonality isothermality. Preventive actions based our modeling approach include developing wildlife surveillance diagnostic capabilities regions concentrating It urgent scientists, sector, local communities authorities co-design implement science-based measures One perspective avoid further spillover animals humans, including rapid removal proper disposal animals, closure public areas (i.e., beaches) reporting mortalities.

Language: Английский

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Evaluating threats to South Shetland Antarctic fur seals amidst population collapse

Mammal Review, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 54(1), P. 30 - 46

Published: Oct. 4, 2023

Abstract Antarctic fur seals ( Arctocephalus gazella ) are an iconic marine mammal, important component of ecosystems, and a key indicator species for regional fisheries management. Recent studies have demonstrated is composed at least four distinct subpopulations, including one breeding on the South Shetland Islands. These (SSAFS) highest latitude population otariids in world. As such, this subpopulation faces unique array environmental ecological challenges, harbours disproportionately large reservoir genetic diversity species, has experienced catastrophic decline last 15 years (2008–2023). We review current potential threats to successful recovery SSAFS. If decision makers wish promote resilience support robust with future potential, actions needed address ranging from uncertain critical, debris entanglement, climate change, incidental mortality, resource competition krill fishery. In particular, risks associated overlap spatial temporal distribution young year fishery should be addressed carefully. There urgent need updated estimates all seal analysis viability SSAFS, further characterising summer winter foraging behaviours better inform conservation actions.

Language: Английский

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Comparative analysis of PB2 residue 627E/K/V in H5 subtypes of avian influenza viruses isolated from birds and mammals

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Sept. 1, 2023

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are naturally found in wild birds, primarily migratory waterfowl. Although species barriers exist, many AIVs have demonstrated the ability to jump from bird mammalian species. A key contributor this is adaption of viral RNA polymerase complex a new host for efficient replication its genome. The AIV PB2 gene appears be essential conversion, as residues been discovered at amino acid position 627 that interact with cellular protein, acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member (ANP32A). In particular, conversion glutamic (E) lysine (K) frequently observed following isolation mammals. focus report was compare distribution different lineages and origins H5 AIV, determine prevalence between historical contemporary sequences, investigate ratio acids avian vs. sequences. Results demonstrate low E627K non-Goose/Guangdong/1996-lineage (Gs/GD) samples, number sequences general. contrast, H5-Gs/GD lineage had an increased mutation contained more An approximate 40% E K human suggesting non-exclusive requirement. Taken together, these results expand our understanding within subtypes aid knowledge mutations

Language: Английский

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Review of One Health in the Galápagos Islands (Part 1): Historical Perspective, Invasive Species, and Emerging Infectious Diseases

Published: Aug. 16, 2024

The Galápagos archipelago is a vast reservoir of terrestrial and marine biodiversity, owing in large part to its relatively recent volcanic genesis colonization by humans. This unique ecological system particularly susceptible human, animal, environmental impacts. Climate change, globalization, the blurring human-domestic animal-wildlife interfaces are poised bring new threats challenges region. A One Health perspective that simultaneously considers health imperative assessing mitigating facing Islands.In Part I this review, we provide historical context for biodiversity archipelago; discuss role invasive species habitat destruction, fragmentation, competition with endemic species; summarize established emerging infectious disease threats. We also implement research, surveillance, preventative measures identify manage future from perspective, specific emphasis on implications wildlife health. In II, outline socioeconomic life Islands, evaluate current predicted effects climate direct anthropogenic factors affecting such as tourism, fishing, pollution, illegal trade. examine impact COVID-19 pandemic Throughout two-part build cohesive picture Islands integrating past work, needs, consider overarching goals conservation, ecosystem management, sustainability have been previously defined both governmental non-governmental stakeholders, discrete, implementable, interdisciplinary recommendations will facilitate achievement those goals.

Language: Английский

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Ecology and Evolution of Avian Influenza A Viruses in Wild Birds

Elsevier eBooks, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 863 - 898

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in a common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in Florida

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 17, 2023

Abstract Since late 2021, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (H5N1) lineage have continued to cause widespread mortality in wild birds and poultry United States. Concomitant with spread HPAI are increasing numbers mammalian infections, including captive mesocarnivores carnivores central nervous system involvement. Here we report first known case HPAI, A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b, a common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from Florida, Pathological findings included neuronal necrosis inflammation brain meninges, quantitative real time RT-PCR revealed carried highest viral load tissues tested. Virus isolated contained S246N neuraminidase substitution which led reduced inhibition by inhibitor oseltamivir. The increased prevalence atypical hosts its cross-species transmission into species highlights public health importance disease surveillance biosecurity protocols.

Language: Английский

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