Natural products and their derivatives against coronavirus: A review of the non‐clinical and pre‐clinical data

Phytotherapy Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 34(10), P. 2471 - 2492

Published: April 5, 2020

Several corona viral infections have created serious threats in the last couple of decades claiming death thousands human beings. Recently, epidemic raised issue developing effective antiviral agents at earliest to prevent further losses. Natural products always played a crucial role drug development process against various diseases, which resulted screening such combat emergent mutants virus. This review focuses on those natural compounds that showed promising results viruses. Although inhibition replication is often considered as general mechanism for activity most products, studies shown some can interact with key proteins are associated virulence. In this context, nanomolar concentration (e.g., lycorine, homoharringtonine, silvestrol, ouabain, tylophorine, and 7-methoxycryptopleurine) could be leads their own or template design. addition, good number anti-corona virus major constituents common dietary supplements, exploited improve immunity population certain epidemics.

Language: Английский

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Food Ingredients and Active Compounds against the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review

Foods, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 9(11), P. 1701 - 1701

Published: Nov. 20, 2020

As media reports have noted, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated market mainstreaming of immune-boosting food bioactives, supplements, and nutraceuticals. However, most studies reporting on potential bioactives against transmission been uploaded as preprints with little opportunity to revise content for benefit impact. The current review discusses best evidence information underpinning role ingredients bioactive compounds in supporting immune functions humans animals, specifically prevention treatment disease. Up now, some from randomized population clinical trials suggested that vitamin D levels may be linked severity. Numerous theoretical pointed polyphenols particularly flavonoids inhibitors SARS-CoV-2 infection. There is also inconclusive support future use β-glucan address due part variability response arising heterogeneity polysaccharide branch chain length different sources absence a standardized extraction method. To confirm promising outcomes hypotheses compounds, more controlled are needed. results such would profound effect prospects supplements nutraceuticals prophylaxis serve help consumers protect themselves during post-lockdown recovery era.

Language: Английский

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A practical guide for transparent reporting of research on natural products in the British Journal of Pharmacology: Reproducibility of natural product research

British Journal of Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 177(10), P. 2169 - 2178

Published: April 16, 2020

Natural products continue to be an important source of medicines and drug templates. Indeed, it has been estimated that approximately a third all Food Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs over the past 20 years are based on natural or their derivatives (Thomford et al., 2018). This is likely due vast chemical diversity products, which increases probability finding structurally distinct 'lead compounds' for different targets diseases (Gu 2013). For instance, Dictionary Products thus far recorded ~200,000 plant secondary metabolites, including about 170,000 unique structures (Harvey, Edrada-Ebel, & Quinn, 2015). The growing opportunity also reflected in size product libraries have created, such as Supernatural II (http://bioinf-applied.charite.de/supernatural_new/index.php?site=home), 325,508 compounds (Banerjee 2015), open access initiative (led by US National Cancer Institute) with ~80,000 plants, ~20,000 marine samples ~6,000 microbes. latter estimates ~1,000,000 fractions will derived next 3–4 (https://dtp.cancer.gov/organization/npb/npnpd_prefractionated_library.htm). In addition its well-established role discovery, pharmacology relevant context dietary supplements, part nebulous nutraceutical market includes vitamins, amino acids, proteins, minerals, fibres, extracts (Andrew Izzo, 2017). Due lack rigorous regulation many countries, supplements can marketed without clinical evidence efficacy uncertain composition Despite these shortcomings, demand continues grow (Williamson, Liu, 2020). Herbal supplement sales United States experienced record growth 2018 consumers spent $8.842 billion herbal across channels (Smith, Gillespie, Eckl, Knepper, Reynolds, Furthermore, traditional medicine (such Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese Unani) not only form integral treatment within certain cultures but entered Western culture (Williamson With this background, surprising BJP receives submissions focus specific products. great majority papers published BJP, authors include final summative statements propose naturally occurring molecule further development immediate use market. Many identify novel targets, elucidate mode action, discover lead offer potential repositioning already (see Table 1 list examples). All issues highly pharmacological approaches discovery science well therapies. does publish limited identification Isolation, purification, elucidation structure semi-synthesis considered both robust, deep detailed analysis mechanism(s) biological activity attributed provided. As example, paper Yin al. (2015), provided synthesis previously isolated metabolite from Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), was identified using MS proton carbon NMR spectra. addition, analysis, showed compound prevented isoprenaline-induced cardiac fibrosis inhibiting NOX2/ROS/p38 pathway. Identification possible mechanism action mandatory publication BJP. considers describe studies purified active compounds; cases, purity compound, major impurities, must reported. consider mixtures extracts) alone, unless observations accompanied identifying demonstrating similar component(s) extract. some extract mixture may additive synergistic activities several compounds. If case, then should shown combining constituents functional replicates mixture. Overall, define which, how, contribute activity. example evaluation followed main ingredient, reported multiple increased expression uncoupling protein adipocytes (Nie found Astragalus membranaceous had highest went isolate purify components (with data HPLC constituents). isoflavone formononetin component responsible Subsequently, elucidated profile formononetin, number molecular approaches, clearly showing binding PPARγ blunted weight gain energy expenditure obese mice. Full details regarding provenance processing These plant/marine entity microbe used, method extraction, yield dried percentage starting fresh material, type concentration extraction solvent. materials, formal name given derived. scientific (including family) according Integrated Taxonomic Information System website, binomial format composed genus species. There instances where naming straightforward, case full explanations justifications (i.e., country region, wild cultivated) stated. rare organisms logged sample/voucher specimen stored accessible database recognized institution enable others sample conduct analyses (Culley, Samples held personal private stores available other scientists acceptable To ensure reproducible activity, chemically characterized (e.g., fingerprint metabolomics) content marker compound(s) measured validated analytical methods. extracted compounds, phytochemical characterization, (%) methods used determine identity Most tested at high (95–99%). instances, difficult achieve and, if so, required provide clear description explain how accounted analyses. A figure shows included manuscript. commercially supplier given. reproducibility findings facilitated disclosure plant/tissue (provenance) process. latter, no word count restriction readers either via facility authors. origin easily soluble water saline, hence, they dissolved organic solvents, DMSO, ethanol, vegetable oils (sesame oil corn oil) ethanol. Unfortunately, relatively low concentrations, affect cell lines tissues ways outcomes vivo investigations. Cell-based assays often intolerant solvent concentrations greater than 1% (Hughes, Rees, Kalindjian, Philpott, 2011). probably most frequently vehicle, exerts actions differentiation malignant cells, antioxidant antibacterial vasodilatation smooth muscle relaxation, behavioural cardiovascular effects (Castro, Hogan, Benson, Shehata, Landauer, 1995; Jacob Herschler, 1986; Parisi 2010). Therefore, we advise assessment minimum vehicle solubilization conducted mandate effect responses under study Inadequate consideration incorrect judgement intervention. recent incomplete occurred lipids. substantial literature positive lipids circulating triglyceride levels. Raised plasma triglycerides correlate worse outcome terms events (Sarwar 2007). Results large prospective assessing icosapent ethyl patients levels (REDUCE-IT) recently (Bhatt 2019). investigators suggested reduced cumulative incidence compared placebo (a mineral mimicking colour consistency fish oil), However, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), while groups baseline (750 mg·l−1), mg·l−1 intervention group 70 (mineral group. level LDL-C known associated increase raised possibility might simply preventing detrimental another oil. when, order reach investigation construct concentration–response curve agonist/antagonist studies), response being studied. curves shown. Thomas (2007) plant-derived cannabidiol displayed potency antagonist CB1 CB2 receptors. [35S]GTPγS assay ability antagonize cannabinoid receptor agonists mouse human receptor. assay, related (DMSO) figures enabled comparison vehicle. Commonly screening new sources, systems organs. advantage vitro test broad range cannot reached vivo. While do prohibit vitro, discourage few, no, possibilities exist application inappropriate pharmaceutical (Heinrich contains examples evoke claims therapeutic (Butterweck Nahrstedt, 2012; Gertsch, 2009). argued facilitate interaction proteins produce unwanted (Gertsch, testing targeting receptors enzymes) exceed 10-fold IC50 Ki target introducing off-target (Liston Davis, 2017; Smith Houghton, there accepted limits beyond cut-off commonly industry (EC50 < 10 μM) Compound hit typically run 1- 10-μM (Hughes guide authored editors journals specializing research suggests higher 30–50 μM activities, suggestions elsewhere. antimicrobial believed meaningful below 25 (Cos, Vlietinck, Berghe, Maes, 2006). antiproliferative/cytotoxic studies, recommended selectivity 'anti-life' elected policy restricting achievable causing (off target). antiproliferative treatments limit carcinogenesis, between tumours versus healthy cells recommended. aim constituent particular occur commensurate those achieved consumption. general, wise ask following question: 'can present blood tissue/cellular after administration dose investigation'? answer simple question requires knowledge pharmacokinetic compound. An interesting investigated relevance (Yeo, Fenwick, Barnes, Lin, Donnelly, polyphenol isorhapontigenin inhibited IL-6 release airway epithelial cells. On basis obtained rats vivo, postulated oral dosing least 30% inhibition attained through single (Yeo It note pro-drug—or, more generally, metabolized before absorption phase, results could misleading. common since nature glycosides, generally deglycosylated intestinal microbiota, making non-sugar portion (the aglycone) absorption. Extrapolation animal experiments situation (Nair Jacob, 2016). body weight, variables considered, surface area, parameters (clearance volume distribution) interspecies differences pharmacodynamics. comprehensive principles extrapolation scope editorial. refer ago (Sharma McNeill, Conversely, resveratrol ranges match approaches. article Nature ago, improved survival mice high-calorie diet (Baur 2006), led speculation benefits red wine relate effect. animals study, allometric scaling 2016), leads conclusion person average would drink 55 bottles per day. summary, preventive viewpoint supporting multiple-dose (in compliance 3Rs): Single doses complex models. oral/parenteral methods, incorporated into diet. assessed supplementation 2 months quinic acid glucose metabolism (Heikkilä much needs mixed diet, essential know key pieces information, daily researcher aims give animals, usual food intake (Ricci, 2012). inclusion precise significance when unravel timing (preventive vs. curative) important. Where setting means delivered disease establishment diagnosis, clinically relevant, evaluating candidate prevention. settings goal cure rather prevent, insult. fail trials because safe Thus, preclinical level, determination safety proof efficacy, initiation trial promoting supplement. journal, thus, toxicology, but, whenever possible, encourage information toxicity evaluation. solely performed assessments toxicity, viability mitochondrial function, advised. measures assessment, liver, renal function. selected show cancer Ideally, (if available), especially observed concentrations. Finally, encouraged review check toxicological Romano (2013) cannabichromene ameliorated experimental colitis dose, 100-fold lower subacute LD50 literature. Since 2015, adopted series guidelines support transparency reproducibility. implementation design experiments. journal two editorials topic describing requirements (Curtis 2015; Curtis Key highlighted need blinding randomization design, ideally requirement n values 5 prior subjecting datasets comparative statistical analysis. involving primary cultures, address editorial 'ARRIVE 2.0 British Journal Pharmacology: Updated guidance 2020' (Lilley, Stanford, 2020), provides updated reporting Authors read presentation sharing (George George 2019) goals practicalities immunoblotting immunohistochemistry (Alexander Checklists covering website (https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/14765381/declaration_english). now sex variable (Docherty recommend ex vivo) sexes, justification this. illustrates submitting articles 3). highlights shortcomings avoided appropriate planning design. leading field, advances published, novelty determinant acceptance publication. Studies considered. Articles repetition well-known report suitable recognize wealth agents come world keen excellent advance our understanding mechanisms physiological pathological processes agents.

Language: Английский

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Biological activity of plant-based carvacrol and thymol and their impact on human health and food quality

Trends in Food Science & Technology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 116, P. 733 - 748

Published: Aug. 30, 2021

Language: Английский

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Cannabidiol and Other Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids for Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders: Useful Nutraceuticals?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(9), P. 3067 - 3067

Published: April 26, 2020

Cannabis sativa is an aromatic annual flowering plant with several botanical varieties, used for different purposes, like the production of fibers, oil from seeds, and especially recreational or medical purposes. Phytocannabinoids (terpenophenolic compounds derived plant), include well-known psychoactive cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, many non-psychoactive cannabinoids, cannabidiol. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises ligands, enzymes synthesis degradation such receptors. This widely distributed in gastrointestinal tract, where phytocannabinoids exert potent effects, particularly under pathological (i.e., inflammatory) conditions. Herein, we will first look at hemp as a possible source new functional food ingredients nutraceuticals that might be eventually useful to treat even prevent Subsequently, briefly describe ECS general pharmacology phytocannabinoids. Finally, revise available data showing phytocannabinoids, cannabidiol, may disorders diseases tract. With increasing interest development foods healthy life, are hoped find place also tract function.

Language: Английский

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Neuroprotective and anti‐inflammatory effects of curcumin in Alzheimer's disease: Targeting neuroinflammation strategies

Phytotherapy Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 38(6), P. 3169 - 3189

Published: April 14, 2024

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid‐beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to neuronal loss. Curcumin, polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa , has shown potential neuroprotective effects due its anti‐inflammatory antioxidant properties. This review aims synthesize current preclinical data on anti‐neuroinflammatory mechanisms curcumin in context AD, addressing pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, as therapeutic adjunct. An exhaustive literature search was conducted, focusing recent studies within last 10 years related curcumin's impact neuroinflammation role AD. The methodology included sourcing articles specialized databases using specific medical subject headings terms ensure precision relevance. Curcumin demonstrates significant properties modulating neuroinflammatory pathways, scavenging reactive oxygen species, inhibiting production pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Despite potential, challenges remain regarding limited bioavailability scarcity comprehensive human clinical trials. emerges promising adjunct AD multimodal benefits. However, further research required overcome establish effective dosing regimens subjects. Developing novel delivery systems formulations may enhance treatment.

Language: Английский

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Current understanding and future directions of cruciferous vegetables and their phytochemicals to combat neurological diseases

Phytotherapy Research, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 38(3), P. 1381 - 1399

Published: Jan. 12, 2024

Abstract Neurological disorders incidences are increasing drastically due to complex pathophysiology, and the nonavailability of disease‐modifying agents. Several attempts have been made identify new potential chemicals combat these neurological abnormalities. At present, complete abolishment diseases is not attainable except for symptomatic relief. However, dietary recommendations help brain development or improvement increased over years. In recent times, cruciferous vegetables their phytochemicals identified from preclinical clinical investigations as neuroprotective The present review highlights beneficial effects molecular mechanisms such indole‐3‐carbinol, diindolylmethane, sulforaphane, kaempferol, selenium, lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamins against including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's stroke, Huntington's autism spectra disorders, anxiety, depression, pain. Most protect by eliciting antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antiapoptotic properties. Regular intake may benefit prevention treatment diseases. suggests that there a lacuna in identifying efficacy phytochemicals. Therefore, high‐quality future studies should firmly establish above‐mentioned settings.

Language: Английский

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Sprouts and Microgreens: Trends, Opportunities, and Horizons for Novel Research

Agronomy, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(9), P. 1424 - 1424

Published: Sept. 19, 2020

Sprouts and microgreens have attracted tremendous interest across multiple disciplines in recent years. Here, we critically review the most advances to underscore research prospects niches, related challenges, not yet addressed or fully pursued. In particular, report a number of themes that merit special attention as result their relevance plant science, nutrition, health, zootechnics: (1) species inadequately investigated, such wild plants, fruit tree strains; (2) abiotic biotic factors, biostimulants, for elicitation strategies metabolic engineering; (3) sanitization processing technologies obtain high-quality products; (4) digestive fate impact bioactive elements, antinutrients, allergens on human nutrition; (5) experimental challenges researching health benefits; (6) opportunity generate natural product libraries drug discovery; (7) sprouts animal feeding improve both nutritional value products diet. The convergence different involving interdisciplinary competencies advocate fascinating pursuits, example, variants collections identification selection chemicals with role nutraceuticals, key constituents functional foods, interactive partners specific drugs.

Language: Английский

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Astaxanthin attenuates hepatic damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease by up‐regulating the FGF21/PGC‐1α pathway

British Journal of Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 177(16), P. 3760 - 3777

Published: May 22, 2020

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be one of the most common chronic diseases across worldwide. Astaxanthin (Ax) a carotenoid, and beneficial effects astaxanthin, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour activity, have been identified. The present study aimed elucidate protective effect astaxanthin against NAFLD its underlying mechanism.Mice were fed either high fat or chow diet, with without for up 12 weeks. L02 cells treated free acids combined different doses 48 h. Histopathology, expression lipid metabolism, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis-related gene assessed. And function mitochondria was also evaluated.The results indicated that attenuated HFD- FFA-induced accumulation associated oxidative stress, cell fibrosis both in vivo vitro. up-regulated FGF21 PGC-1α damaged hepatocytes, which suggested an unrecognized mechanism on ameliorating NAFLD.Astaxanthin hepatocyte damage mitochondrial dysfunction by up-regulating FGF21/PGC-1α pathway. Our suggest may become promising drug treat relieve NAFLD.

Language: Английский

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Second generation biorefining in Ecuador: Circular bioeconomy, zero waste technology, environment and sustainable development: The nexus

Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 6(2), P. 83 - 107

Published: Feb. 2, 2021

The projection of world population growth with concurrent generation large volumes agro-industrial waste that negatively affect the environment is great concern. Therefore, this review article describes nexus between concepts Circular Bioeconomy, Zero Waste Technology, Sustainable Development, Biorefineries, and alternatives research efforts to generate less environmental impact. A brief analysis Ecuadorian industry exports described, emphasizing fact that, improve trade balance, it necessary increase industrial competitiveness. It important have emerging technologies innovation in order promote replacement fossil-derived raw materials renewable develop more environmentally friendly processes industries. This paper analyses state biomass its transformation Ecuador, together current pretreatment on obtain bioproducts biofuels a biorefinery promotes clean production for extraction phytochemicals using green solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents; recover high-value added enhanced properties. In conclusion, need markets commercialize high value-added products coming from biorefineries highlighted, will income both rural urban areas strengthen productivity profitability agroindustry. Our goal through Ecuador's balance while also contributing circular bioeconomy sustainable development.

Language: Английский

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