Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 14(1), P. 20 - 32

Published: Oct. 26, 2015

Language: Английский

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The healthy human microbiome

Genome Medicine, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: April 27, 2016

Humans are virtually identical in their genetic makeup, yet the small differences our DNA give rise to tremendous phenotypic diversity across human population. By contrast, metagenome of microbiome—the total content microbes inhabiting bodies—is quite a bit more variable, with only third its constituent genes found majority healthy individuals. Understanding this variability “healthy microbiome” has thus been major challenge microbiome research, dating back at least 1960s, continuing through Human Microbiome Project and beyond. Cataloguing necessary sufficient sets features that support health, normal ranges these populations, is an essential first step identifying correcting microbial configurations implicated disease. Toward goal, several population-scale studies have documented both taxonomic compositions functional potentials normally observed microbiomes along possible driving factors such as geography, diet, lifestyle. Here, we review definitions ‘healthy microbiome’ emerged, current understanding diversity, gaps characterization molecular function development ecological therapies be addressed future.

Language: Английский

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Neuroinflammation and depression: A review

European Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 53(1), P. 151 - 171

Published: March 9, 2020

Abstract Some recent clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a key factor interacts with the three neurobiological correlates of major depressive disorder: depletion brain serotonin, dysregulation hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis alteration continuous production adult‐generated neurons in dentate gyrus hippocampus. This review discusses main players immunity as well how inflammation above mechanisms. It reported kynurenine (KYN) pathway favour its excitotoxic component HPA have common effect increasing extracellular glutamate levels neurotransmission, which can impact hippocampal neurogenesis. pathophysiological cascade appears to be triggered or sustained reinforced by any chronic inflammatory condition involving increased circulating markers are able cross blood–brain barrier activate microglia; it also consequence primary neuroinflammation, such neurodegenerative disorders early manifestations frequently symptoms. Further data indicate microglial activation may result from direct stress on vascular function. The intricated dynamic crosstalk between other relevant depression add therapeutic target for future strategies disorder.

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiota Diversity and Human Diseases: Should We Reintroduce Key Predators in Our Ecosystem?

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 7

Published: March 31, 2016

Most of the Human diseases affecting westernized countries are associated with dysbiosis and loss microbial diversity in gut microbiota. The Western way life, a wide use antibiotics other environmental triggers, may reduce number bacterial predators leading to decrease gut. We argue that this phenomenon is similar process ecosystem impoverishment macro ecology where human activity decreases ecological niches, size predator populations, finally biodiversity. Such pauperization fundamental since it reverses evolution processes, drives life backward into diminished complexity, stability, adaptability. A simple therapeutic approach could thus be reintroduce restore host

Language: Английский

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Beneficial Microorganisms for Corals (BMC): Proposed Mechanisms for Coral Health and Resilience

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: March 7, 2017

The symbiotic association between the coral animal and its endosymbiotic dinoflagellate partner Symbiodinium is central to success of corals. However, an array other microorganisms associated with (i.e., Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi viruses) have a complex intricate role in maintaining homeostasis corals Symbiodinium. Corals are sensitive shifts surrounding environmental conditions. One most widely reported responses stressful conditions bleaching. During this event, expel cells from their gastrodermal tissues upon experiencing extended seawater temperatures above thermal threshold. An stressors can also destabilize microbiome, resulting compromised health host, which may include disease mortality worst scenario. exact mechanisms by microbiome supports increases resilience poorly understood. Earlier studies microbiology proposed probiotic hypothesis, wherein dynamic relationship exists microorganisms, selecting for holobiont that best suited prevailing Here, we discuss microbial-host relationships within holobiont, along potential roles health. We propose term BMC (Beneficial Microorganisms Corals) define (specific) symbionts promote This concept analogous Plant Growth Promoting Rhizosphere (PGPR), has been explored manipulated agricultural industry inhabit rhizosphere directly or indirectly plant growth development through production regulatory signals, antibiotics nutrients. Additionally, effects on corals, suggesting strategies use knowledge manipulate reversing dysbiosis restore protect reefs. developing using consortia as "probiotics" improve resistance after bleaching events and/or such human-assisted acclimation/adaption shifting

Language: Английский

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The Treg/Th17 Axis: A Dynamic Balance Regulated by the Gut Microbiome

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: Dec. 17, 2015

T-helper 17 (Th17) and T-regulatory (Treg) cells are frequently found at barrier surfaces, particularly within the intestinal mucosa, where they function to protect host from pathogenic microorganisms restrain excessive effector T-cell responses, respectively. Despite their differing functional properties, Th17 Tregs share similar developmental requirements. In fact, fate of antigen-naïve T-cells either or Treg lineages is finely regulated by key mediators, including TGFβ, IL-6 all-trans retinoic acid (RA). Importantly, microbiome also provides immunostimulatory signals, which can activate innate, downstream adaptive, immune responses. Specific components gut have been implicated in production proinflammatory cytokines innate cells, such as IL-6, IL-23, IL-1β, subsequent generation expansion cells. Similarly, commensal bacteria metabolites promote that actively induce mucosal tolerance. As such, dysbiosis may not solely represent a consequence inflammation, but rather shape Treg/Th17 commitment influence susceptibility inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). this review, we discuss cell plasticity, its dynamic regulation microbiome, highlight impact on homeostasis disease.

Language: Английский

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Captivity humanizes the primate microbiome

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 113(37), P. 10376 - 10381

Published: Aug. 29, 2016

Significance Trillions of bacteria live in the primate gut, contributing to metabolism, immune system development, and pathogen resistance. Perturbations these are associated with metabolic autoimmune human diseases that prevalent Westernized societies. Herein, we measured gut microbial communities diet multiple species living wild, a sanctuary, full captivity. We found captivity loss dietary fiber nonhuman primates native microbiota convergence toward modern microbiome, suggesting parallel processes may be driving recent core biodiversity humans.

Language: Английский

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Effects of Psychological, Environmental and Physical Stressors on the Gut Microbiota

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Sept. 11, 2018

Stress, a ubiquitous part of daily human life, has varied biological effects which are increasingly recognized as including modulation commensal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, gut microbiota. In turn, microbiota influences host stress response and associated sequelae, thereby implicating an important mediator health. This narrative review aims to synthesize evidence concerning impact psychological, environmental, physical stressors on composition activity. The reviewed include psychological stress, circadian disruption, sleep deprivation, environmental extremes (high altitude, heat, cold), pathogens, toxicants pollutants, activity, diet (nutrient food restriction). Stressors were selected for their direct relevance military personnel, population that is commonly exposed these stressors, often at extremes, combination. However, also common, alone or combination, some civilian populations. Evidence from preclinical studies collectively indicates alter but vary across can may be beneficial detrimental Translation findings humans largely lacking present. gap precludes concluding with certainty transient cumulative exposures have any consistent, meaningful provocative highlights need translational research aiming elucidate microbiota, how manipulated, example by using nutrition, mitigate adverse responses.

Language: Английский

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The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract in health and disease

BMC Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: Nov. 7, 2019

Abstract The human upper respiratory tract (URT) offers a variety of niches for microbial colonization. Local communities are shaped by the different characteristics specific location within URT, but also interaction with both external and intrinsic factors, such as ageing, diseases, immune responses, olfactory function, lifestyle habits smoking. We summarize here current knowledge about URT microbiome in health disease, discuss methodological issues, consider potential nasal to be used medical diagnostics target therapy.

Language: Английский

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The dormant blood microbiome in chronic, inflammatory diseases

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 39(4), P. 567 - 591

Published: May 3, 2015

Blood in healthy organisms is seen as a 'sterile' environment: it lacks proliferating microbes. Dormant or not-immediately-culturable forms are not absent, however, intracellular dormancy well established. We highlight here that great many pathogens can survive blood and inside erythrocytes. 'Non-culturability', reflected by discrepancies between plate counts total counts, commonplace environmental microbiology. It overcome improved culturing methods, we asked how common this would be blood. A number of recent, sequence-based ultramicroscopic studies have uncovered an authentic microbiome non-communicable diseases. The chief origin these microbes the gut (especially when shifts composition to pathogenic state, known 'dysbiosis'). Another source translocated from oral cavity. 'Dysbiosis' also used describe translocation cells into other tissues. To avoid ambiguity, use term 'atopobiosis' for appear places than their normal location. Atopobiosis may contribute dynamics variety inflammatory Overall, seems more chronic, non-communicable, diseases microbial component presently considered, treatable using bactericidal antibiotics vaccines.

Language: Английский

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