Survive a Warming Climate: Insect Responses to Extreme High Temperatures

Annual Review of Entomology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 66(1), P. 163 - 184

Published: Sept. 1, 2020

Global change includes a substantial increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme high temperatures (EHTs), which influence insects at almost all levels. The number studies showing ecological importance EHTs has risen recent years, but knowledge is rather dispersed contemporary literature. In this article, we review biological effects actually experienced field, i.e., when coupled to fluctuating thermal regimes. First, characterize field. Then, summarize impacts on various levels processes allowing buffer EHTs. Finally, argue that mechanisms leading positive or negative can only be resolved from integrative approaches considering natural Thermal extremes, perhaps more than gradual mean temperature, drive insect responses climate change, with crucial pest management biodiversity conservation.

Language: Английский

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Climate change alters plant–herbivore interactions

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 229(4), P. 1894 - 1910

Published: Oct. 28, 2020

Summary Plant–herbivore interactions have evolved in response to coevolutionary dynamics, along with selection driven by abiotic conditions. We examine how factors influence trait expression both plants and herbivores evaluate climate change will alter this long‐standing interaction. The paleontological record documents increased herbivory during periods of global warming the deep past. In phylogenetically corrected meta‐analyses, we find that elevated temperatures, CO 2 concentrations, drought stress nutrient conditions directly indirectly induce greater food consumption herbivores. Additionally, delays herbivore development, but temperatures accelerate development. For annual plants, higher increase foliar herbivory. Our meta‐analysis also suggests may heighten florivory perennials. Human actions are causing concurrent shifts , temperature, precipitation regimes nitrogen deposition, yet few studies among these changing call for additional multifactorial simultaneously manipulate multiple climatic factors, which enable us generate more robust predictions could disrupt plant–herbivore interactions. Finally, consider insect plant phenology distribution patterns lead ecological mismatches, changes drive future adaptation coevolution between interacting species.

Language: Английский

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Tri‐trophic interactions: bridging species, communities and ecosystems

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 22(12), P. 2151 - 2167

Published: Oct. 21, 2019

Abstract A vast body of research demonstrates that many ecological and evolutionary processes can only be understood from a tri‐trophic viewpoint, is, one moves beyond the pairwise interactions neighbouring trophic levels to consider emergent features among multiple levels. Despite its unifying potential, has been fragmented, following two distinct paths. One focused on population biology ecology simple food chains interacting species. The other bottom‐up top‐down controls over distribution biomass across ecosystem‐level variables. Here, we propose pathways bridge these long‐standing perspectives. We argue an expanded theory (TTIs) unify our understanding biological scales organisation, ranging species evolution community structure ecosystem function. To do so requires addressing how function arise as properties component TTIs, and, in turn, traits TTIs are shaped by abiotic environment which they embedded. conclude novel insights will come applying systematically all organisation.

Language: Английский

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Narrow safety margin in the phyllosphere during thermal extremes

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 116(12), P. 5588 - 5596

Published: Feb. 19, 2019

The thermal limit of ectotherms provides an estimate vulnerability to climate change. It differs between contrasting microhabitats, consistent with ecology predictions that a species' temperature sensitivity matches the microclimate it experiences. However, observed limits may differ from same environment, challenging this theory. We resolved apparent paradox by showing ectotherm activity generates microclimatic deviations large enough account for differences in species microhabitat. studied upper lethal temperature, effect feeding mode on plant gas exchange, and attacked leaves community six arthropod apple leaves. Thermal differed up 8 °C among species. Species caused increase leaf transpiration (+182%), thus cooling leaf, had lower than those decreased (-75%), causing warm up. Therefore, cryptic variations at scale single determine herbivores. investigated consequences these changes induced plant-insect feedbacks extremes. Warming tolerance was similar species, ±2 °C, providing little margin resisting increasingly frequent intense heat waves. safety (the difference temperature) greatly overestimated when air or intact erroneously used. conclude feedback processes define phyllosphere, beyond,

Language: Английский

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Foliar behaviour of biogenic semi-volatiles: potential applications in sustainable pest management

Arthropod-Plant Interactions, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 13(2), P. 193 - 212

Published: March 17, 2019

Plants emit an extremely diverse bouquet of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from their above-ground and below-ground parts. Emissions are constitutive or induced, e.g. by herbivores. VOCs can be classified as highly volatile, semi-volatile compounds. Sesquiterpenes (SQTs) typical (sVOCs) released plants. Similarly, herbivore-induced homoterpenes methyl salicylate also have relatively low volatility. SVOCs a high boiling point (> 240 °C) vapour pressure below 0.005 kPa at 25 °C. Glandular trichomes on plant surfaces store SQTs in mixtures with more VOCs, which into the air diffusion after gland rupture. The sVOCs stored glandular often repellent effects herbivores, while known for attractiveness to natural enemies i.e. they act indirect chemical defence Due volatility, produced plants may easily adhere emitter neighbouring during colder temperatures that face, night. On foliage receiver plants, direct species. When temperature rises again, atmosphere. reaction products monoterpenes photochemical pollutants such ozone could constitute further leaf surfaces. Here, we review recent literature surface–environment interaction biogenic particularly evaluate potential crop protection strategies intercropping companion planting using sVOC-emitting Foliage typically forms widest foliar herbivory is major type pest damage vegetative stage source VOC emissions. Consequently, focus foliage-mediated management.

Language: Английский

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Gene Expression and Diet Breadth in Plant-Feeding Insects: Summarizing Trends

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 35(3), P. 259 - 277

Published: Dec. 2, 2019

Language: Английский

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Gall-Inducing Parasites: Convergent and Conserved Strategies of Plant Manipulation by Insects and Nematodes

Annual Review of Phytopathology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 58(1), P. 1 - 22

Published: Aug. 25, 2020

Gall-inducing insects and nematodes engage in sophisticated interactions with their host plants. These parasites can induce major morphological physiological changes roots, leaves, other tissues. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, root-knot cyst particular, as well gall-inducing leaf-mining insects, manipulate plant development to form unique organs that provide them food from feeding cells. Sometimes, infected tissues may undergo a developmental switch resulting the formation of aberrant spectacular structures (clubs or galls). We describe here complex between these plant-reprogramming sedentary endoparasites hosts, focusing on similarities strategies manipulation. highlight progress our understanding response infection focus nematode insect molecules secreted planta. suggest thatlooking at identify convergent conserved shed light promise they hold for new management agriculture forestry.

Language: Английский

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Floral volatiles and visitors: A meta‐network of associations in a natural community

Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 107(6), P. 2574 - 2586

Published: April 24, 2019

Abstract Chemosensory communication between flowers and pollinators is a fundamental component of terrestrial biodiversity, given the importance olfaction to foraging animals. In this respect, exploring chemically mediated interspecific interactions in natural assemblies may provide novel insights into ecofunctional significance volatile organic compounds ( VOC s) for plant–insect co‐evolution. However, multispecies datasets associations plant semiochemicals arthropods are still very rare tend lack community context. Here, we present first insect–floral meta‐network using plant–pollinator visitation data plants’ floral scent blends, collected Mediterranean scrubland. We assembled insect– by substituting each species network with blend s it emits. Furthermore, identified modules that most densely connected groups. After describing role network, focused on bees community, building phylogenetically informed GLS models, found traits predicting degree chemical specialization. Modularity analysis revealed tight several classes pollinator Linkage patterns suggest positive (a) Megachilidae sesquiterpenes, (b) Apidae Andrenidae benzenoids/phenylpropanoids, (c) wasps, C6 green‐leaf volatiles specific terpenoids. Benzenoids were be least influential specialized class whereas sesquiterpenes represented one. generalization was significantly associated their ecological generalization, body mass phenology, contribution network's structure related level sociality. Synthesis . Our findings help disclose landscape contribute testable hypotheses behavioural trends niches community. The insect–volatilome thus shown advantageous detecting visualizing interactions. Given ubiquity chemosensory biocommunication, our approach can applied investigating various types contexts.

Language: Английский

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Research Trends, Biases, and Gaps in Phytochemicals as Insecticides: Literature Survey and Meta-Analysis

Plants, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(2), P. 318 - 318

Published: Jan. 10, 2023

A 76-year literature survey and meta-analyses were carried out to recognize the trends, biases, knowledge gaps of studies focusing on major groups compounds botanical origin, or phytochemicals, as insecticides. The found that main phytochemicals prospected insecticides belong following chemical groups: terpenoids, terpenes, carbonyl, all which tested, mainly against beetles (Coleoptera), caterpillars (i.e., larvae Lepidoptera), mosquitoes other flies Diptera). These are burgeoning at an exponential rate, with evident focus mortality endpoint estimates, but they also neglecting sublethal assessments. China India in Asia, well Brazil Americas, responsible for most studies. majority papers used stored grain insects experimental models, limits applicability representativeness findings. As a result, modes exposure tested fumigation contact, leads prevalence estimates lethal concentration these Therefore, broader range insect species deserves testing, suitable identifying characterizing molecules insecticidal activity, is seldom performed. Attention needs will circumvent current biases allow recognition patterns association between origin structure their effects.

Language: Английский

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Essential oil antifeedants against armyworms: promises and challenges

Entomologia Generalis, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 43(4), P. 689 - 704

Published: April 27, 2023

Plant secondary metabolites are fascinating weapons in the fight against herbivores.Of note, products of plant metabolism can be highly useful developing insecticides for insect pest management.In this framework, present review focuses on a group metabolites, i.e., essential oils (EOs), and major species, armyworms, Spodoptera spp.(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with focus antifeeding responses.Among all tested EOs, only ones extracted from Angelica archangelica, Artemisia nakaii, Piper hispidinervum, P. sanctifelicis, Pulegium vulgare Tanacetum parthenium showed good antifeedant efficacy (i.e., ED 50 <10 µg/cm 2 ) littoralis or S. litura.EO constituents showing promising activity include pulegone, 11α-epoxyeremophil-9-en-8-one (ligudicin A), piperitone epoxide thujone, <1 .Other compounds dehydrofukinone, germacrone, piperitenone oxide, <5 .Overall, considering sparse literature topic lack standardized methods testing EOs their as antifeedants call standardization armyworm tests is presented.

Language: Английский

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