The mycorrhizal symbiosis: research frontiers in genomics, ecology, and agricultural application

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 242(4), P. 1486 - 1506

Published: Jan. 31, 2024

Summary Mycorrhizal symbioses between plants and fungi are vital for the soil structure, nutrient cycling, plant diversity, ecosystem sustainability. More than 250 000 species associated with mycorrhizal fungi. Recent advances in genomics related approaches have revolutionized our understanding of biology ecology associations. The genomes 250+ been released hundreds genes that play pivotal roles regulating symbiosis development metabolism characterized. rDNA metabarcoding metatranscriptomics provide novel insights into ecological cues driving communities functions expressed by these associations, linking to traits such as acquisition organic matter decomposition. Here, we review genomic studies revealed involved uptake development, discuss adaptations fundamental evolution lifestyles. We also evaluated services provided networks how hold promise sustainable agriculture forestry enhancing stress tolerance. Overall, unraveling intricate dynamics is paramount promoting sustainability addressing current pressing environmental concerns. This ends major frontiers further research.

Language: Английский

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Spatial co-transcriptomics reveals discrete stages of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Nature Plants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(4), P. 673 - 688

Published: April 8, 2024

Abstract The symbiotic interaction of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is ancient and widespread. Plants provide AM carbon in exchange for nutrients water, making this a prime target crop improvement. However, plant–fungal interactions are restricted to small subset root cells, precluding the application most conventional functional genomic techniques study molecular bases these interactions. Here we used single-nucleus spatial RNA sequencing explore both Medicago truncatula Rhizophagus irregularis transcriptomes symbiosis at cellular resolution. Integrated, spatially registered single-cell maps revealed infected uninfected plant cell types. We observed that cortex cells exhibit distinct transcriptome profiles during different stages colonization by fungi, indicating dynamic interplay between organisms establishment interface enabling successful symbiosis. Our provides insight into relationship major agricultural environmental importance demonstrates paradigm combining transcriptomics analysis complex organismal

Language: Английский

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi heterokaryons have two nuclear populations with distinct roles in host–plant interactions

Nature Microbiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(11), P. 2142 - 2153

Published: Oct. 26, 2023

Language: Английский

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The structural repertoire of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici effectors revealed by experimental and computational studies

eLife, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: July 18, 2023

Plant pathogens secrete proteins, known as effectors, that function in the apoplast or inside plant cells to promote virulence. Effector recognition by cell-surface cytosolic receptors results activation of defence pathways and immunity. Despite their importance, our general understanding fungal effector immunity remains poor. One complication often associated with effectors is high sequence diversity lack identifiable motifs precluding prediction structure function. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated can be grouped into structural classes, despite significant variation existence across taxonomic groups. Using protein X-ray crystallography, we identify a new class hidden within secreted xylem (SIX) from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). The recognised Avr1 (SIX4) Avr3 (SIX1) represent founding members Fol dual-domain (FOLD) class, containing two distinct domains. AlphaFold2, predicted full SIX repertoire show SIX6 SIX13 are also FOLD which validated experimentally for SIX6. Based on comparisons, present three divisions fungi expanded symbionts. Further comparisons demonstrate secretes adopt limited number folds during infection tomato. This analysis revealed relationship between transcriptionally co-regulated pairs. We make use understand its I receptor, leads disease resistance study represents an important advance Fol-tomato, extension plant-fungal interactions, will assist development novel control engineering strategies combat pathogens.

Language: Английский

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The N-terminal domains of NLR immune receptors exhibit structural and functional similarities across divergent plant lineages

The Plant Cell, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 36(7), P. 2491 - 2511

Published: April 10, 2024

Abstract Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are a prominent class of intracellular immune receptors in plants. However, our understanding plant NLR structure function is limited to the evolutionarily young flowering clade. Here, we describe an extended spectrum diversity across divergent lineages demonstrate structural functional similarities N-terminal domains that trigger responses. We show broadly distributed coiled-coil (CC) toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) families nonflowering plants retain immune-related functions through translineage activation cell death angiosperm Nicotiana benthamiana. further examined CC subfamily specific uncovered essential MAEPL motif functionally comparable with motifs resistosome-forming CC-NLRs. Consistent conserved role immunity, ectopic CCMAEPL liverwort Marchantia polymorpha led profound growth inhibition, defense gene activation, signatures death. Moreover, comparative transcriptomic analyses activity delineated common CC-mediated program shared Collectively, findings highlight ancestral nature NLR-mediated immunity during evolution dates its origin at least ∼500 million years ago.

Language: Английский

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CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing reveals that the Pgs gene of fusarium circinatum is involved in pathogenicity, growth and sporulation

Fungal Genetics and Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 103970 - 103970

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Community assembly of root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: beyond carbon and into defence?

The ISME Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 18(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Language: Английский

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Decoding the Arsenal: Protist Effectors and Their Impact on Photosynthetic Hosts

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37(6), P. 498 - 506

Published: March 29, 2024

Interactions between various microbial pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and their plant hosts have traditionally been the focus of phytopathology. In recent years, a significant growing interest in study eukaryotic microorganisms not classified among fungi or oomycetes has emerged. Many these protists establish complex interactions with photosynthetic hosts, understanding is crucial dynamics parasites within traditional emerging types farming, marine aquaculture. phytopathogenic are biotrophs polyphasic life cycles, which makes them difficult impossible to culture, fact reflected wide gap availability comprehensive genomic data when compared fungal oomycete pathogens. Furthermore, our ability use available resources for limited by broad taxonomic distance that organisms span, comparisons other datasets difficult. The current rapid progress genomics computational tools prediction protein functions revolutionizing landscape pathology. This also opening novel possibilities, specifically deeper protist effectors. Tools like AlphaFold2 enable structure-based function effector candidates divergent sequences. turn, this allows us ask better biological questions and, coupled innovative experimental strategies, will lead into new era research, especially protists, expand knowledge on elusive hosts. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 Author(s). an open access article distributed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Language: Английский

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AvrSr27 is a zinc‐bound effector with a modular structure important for immune recognition

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 243(1), P. 314 - 329

Published: May 10, 2024

Summary Effector proteins are central to the success of plant pathogens, while immunity in host plants is driven by receptor‐mediated recognition these effectors. Understanding molecular details effector–receptor interactions key for engineering novel immune receptors. Here, we experimentally determined crystal structure Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici ( Pgt ) effector AvrSr27, which was not accurately predicted using AlphaFold2. We characterised role conserved cysteine residues AvrSr27 vitro biochemical assays and examined Sr27‐mediated transient expression Nicotiana spp. wheat protoplasts. The contains a β‐strand rich modular fold consisting two structurally similar domains that bind Zn 2+ ions. N‐terminal domain sufficient interaction with Sr27 triggering cell death. identified related but low sequence identity can also associate Sr27, albeit more weakly. Though only full‐length proteins, trigger Sr27‐dependent death systems. Collectively, our findings have important implications utilising protein prediction platforms those embarking on bespoke receptors as solutions disease.

Language: Английский

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Zinc-finger (ZiF) fold secreted effectors form a functionally diverse family across lineages of the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

PLoS Pathogens, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(6), P. e1012277 - e1012277

Published: June 17, 2024

Filamentous plant pathogens deliver effector proteins into host cells to suppress defence responses and manipulate metabolic processes support colonization. Understanding the evolution molecular function of these effectors provides knowledge about pathogenesis can suggest novel strategies reduce damage caused by pathogens. However, are highly variable, share weak sequence similarity and, although they be grouped according their structure, only a few structurally conserved families have been functionally characterized date. Here, we demonstrate that Zinc-finger fold (ZiF) secreted form diverse family in blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae . This relies on motif for protein stability is ubiquitously present lineages infecting 13 different species, forming tribes. Homologs canonical ZiF effector, AVR-Pii, from rice isolates multiple M lineages. Wheat strains also possess an AVR-Pii like allele binds Exo70 activates immune receptor Pii. Furthermore, tribes may vary bind to, indicating functional diversification intricate effector/host interactome. Altogether, uncovered new with common has diversified work expands our understanding diversity effectors, basis ultimately facilitate development sources pathogen resistance.

Language: Английский

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