Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: July 6, 2022

The centenary of insulin discovery represents an important opportunity to transform diabetes from a fatal diagnosis into medically manageable chronic condition. Insulin is key peptide hormone and mediates the systemic glucose metabolism in different tissues. resistance (IR) disordered biological response for stimulation through disruption molecular pathways target Acquired conditions genetic factors have been implicated IR. Recent biochemical studies suggest that dysregulated metabolic mediators released by adipose tissue including adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, excess lipids toxic lipid metabolites promote IR other associated with several groups abnormal syndromes include obesity, diabetes, dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), abnormalities. Although no medication specifically approved treat IR, we summarized lifestyle changes pharmacological medications used as efficient intervention improve sensitivity. Ultimately, systematic discussion complex mechanism will help identify potential new targets closely

Language: Английский

---

Emerging Targets in Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Complications

Advanced Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 8(18)

Published: July 28, 2021

Abstract Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic, chronic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels. Although large drug portfolio exists to keep the levels under control, these medications are not without side effects. More importantly, once diagnosed rarely reversible. Dysfunctions in kidney, retina, cardiovascular system, neurons, liver represent common complications of diabetes, which again lack effective therapies that can reverse organ injury. Overall, molecular mechanisms how type develops leads irreparable damage remain elusive. This review particularly focuses on novel targets may play role pathogenesis diabetes. Further research eventually pave way for treatment—or even prevention—of along with its complications.

Language: Английский

---

The impact of the gut microbiota on the reproductive and metabolic endocrine system

Gut Microbes, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

As the gut microbiota exerts various effects on intestinal milieu which influences distant organs and pathways, it is considered to be a full-fledged endocrine organ. The plays major role in reproductive system throughout woman's lifetime by interacting with estrogen, androgens, insulin, other hormones. Imbalance of composition can lead several diseases conditions, such as pregnancy complications, adverse outcomes, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, cancer; however, research mechanisms limited. More effort should concentrated exploring potential causes underlying microbiota-hormone-mediated disease, providing novel therapeutic preventive strategies.As strategies.

Language: Английский

---

The metabolic syndrome – What is it and how should it be managed?

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 26(2_suppl), P. 33 - 46

Published: Nov. 26, 2019

A cluster of metabolic factors have been merged into an entity named the syndrome. Although characteristics this syndrome varied over time presently used definition was established in 2009. The presence three abnormal findings out five components qualifies a person for syndrome: elevated waist circumference, triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose. Cut points defined all apart from which national or regional values are used. predicts cardiovascular disease type 2 diabetes. This associated risk does not exceed its whereof is most frequent. successful management should, however, address involved. always based on healthy lifestyle choices but has infrequently to be supported by pharmacological treatment, especially lowering drugs. useful example importance multiple targets preventive interventions. To individualized least when it comes therapy. Frail elderly people should over-treated. Knowledge transfer how act accompanied continuous trust building motivation. In complex situations with mix biological factors, adverse social conditions unhealthy lifestyle, everything cannot changed at once. It better aim small steps that lasting than large, unsustainable relapses behaviours. will afflicted components, reason sustained very long time. review summarizes knowledge according present state art.

Language: Английский

---

Differences in the gut Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio across age groups in healthy Ukrainian population

BMC Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: July 22, 2020

Abstract Background Gut microbiota plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes of the host organism, including aging. Microbiota composition was shown to vary significantly throughout life course. Age-related changes were reported several human studies. In present study, age-related dynamics phylogenetic profile gut investigated 1550 healthy participants from Ukrainian population. Results Significant determined by qRT-PCR at level major microbial phyla across age groups have been observed. The relative abundance Actinobacteria Firmicutes increased, while that Bacteroidetes decreased childhood elderly age. Accordingly, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio increase until elder both sexes, odds F/B > 1 tended with age, reaching maximum values [OR = 2.7 (95% CI, 1.2–6.0) OR 3.7 1.4–9.6) for female male 60–69-year groups, respectively, compared same-sex reference (0–9-year) groups]. Conclusions conclusion, data our study indicate intestinal differs groups. tends 0–9-year Further studies are needed a better understanding mechanisms underlying composition.

Language: Английский

---

Brain-gut axis dysfunction in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury

Journal of Clinical Investigation, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 131(12)

Published: June 14, 2021

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic and progressive disease, management requires an understanding of both the primary neurological secondary sequelae that affect peripheral organs, including gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The brain-gut axis composed bidirectional pathways through which TBI-induced neuroinflammation neurodegeneration impact gut function. resulting dysautonomia systemic inflammation contribute to GI events, dysmotility increased mucosal permeability. These effects shape, are shaped by, changes in microbiota composition activation resident recruited immune cells. Microbial products cell mediators turn modulate activity. Importantly, enteric inflammatory challenges prolong worsen neuropathology neurobehavioral deficits. importance communication maintaining homeostasis highlights it as viable therapeutic target for TBI. Currently, treatments directed toward dysautonomia, dysbiosis, and/or offer most promise.

Language: Английский

---

The metabolic impact of small intestinal nutrient sensing

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Feb. 10, 2021

Abstract The gastrointestinal tract maintains energy and glucose homeostasis, in part through nutrient-sensing subsequent signaling to the brain other tissues. In this review, we highlight role of small intestinal metabolic link high-fat feeding, obesity, diabetes with perturbations these gut-brain pathways. We identify how lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, initiate gut peptide release from enteroendocrine cells sensing pathways, peptides regulate food intake, tolerance, hepatic production. Lastly, microbiota impact normal physiology, disease, pharmacological surgical settings. Emerging evidence indicates that molecular mechanisms nutrient homeostasis have physiological pathological as well therapeutic potential obesity diabetes.

Language: Английский

---

The Human Gut Microbiota: A Key Mediator of Osteoporosis and Osteogenesis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(17), P. 9452 - 9452

Published: Aug. 31, 2021

An expanding body of research asserts that the gut microbiota has a role in bone metabolism and pathogenesis osteoporosis. This review considers human composition its osteoclastogenesis healing process, specifically case Although natural physiologic processes osteoporosis disease are now relatively well known, recent literature suggests healthy microbiome is tied to homeostasis. Nevertheless, mechanism underlying this connection still somewhat enigmatic. Based on literature, relationship between microbiome, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, receptor activator nuclear factor-kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) contemplated explored review. Studies have proposed various mechanisms interaction with health, including micro-RNA, insulin-like growth factor 1, immune system mediation. However, alterations secondary pharmaceutical surgical interventions cannot be discounted discussed context clinical therapeutic consideration. The probiotics their action examined healing. known hypothesized interactions common drugs examined. Since dysbiosis can function as biomarker metabolic activity, it may also pharmacological nutraceutical (i.e., pre- probiotics) target promote

Language: Английский

---

Participation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Receptors in Gut Inflammation and Colon Cancer

Frontiers in Physiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: April 8, 2021

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber, and they play a critical role in maintenance intestinal health. SCFAs also essential for modulating different processes, have anti-inflammatory properties immunomodulatory effects. As inflammatory process predisposes development cancer promotes all stages tumorigenesis, an antitumor effect has been associated with SCFAs. This is strongly supported epidemiological studies showing that diet rich fiber linked to reduced risk colon significant clinical benefits patients bowel disease (IBD). may signal through metabolite-sensing G protein-coupled receptors free acid receptor 3 [FFAR3 or 41 (GPR41)], FFAR2 (GPR43), GPR109A (also known as hydroxycarboxylic 2 HCAR2) expressed gut epithelium immune cells. review summarizes existing knowledge regarding SCFA-mediated suppression inflammation carcinogenesis IBD cancer.

Language: Английский

---

Antibiotic-Therapy-Induced Gut Dysbiosis Affecting Gut Microbiota—Brain Axis and Cognition: Restoration by Intake of Probiotics and Synbiotics

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(4), P. 3074 - 3074

Published: Feb. 4, 2023

Antibiotic therapy through short-term or repeated long-term prescriptions can have several damaging effects on the normal microbiota of gastrointestinal tract. Changes in could be multiple including decreased diversity species gut microbiota, changed metabolic activity, and occurrence antibiotic-resistant strains. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis turn induce antibiotic-associated diarrhoea recurrent infections caused by Clostridioides difficile. There is also evidence that use different chemical classes antibiotics for treatment a variety ailments lead to health issues gastrointestinal, immunologic, neurocognitive conditions. This review discusses dysbiosis, its symptoms one important cause, which antibiotic induction dysbiosis. Since maintenance good well-being functioning physiological cognitive activities gut-microbiota-brain relationship, condition not desirable. Specific therapies are prescribed medical practitioners cure ailments, and, if prescription becomes unavoidable, there possibility onset as side after effects. Therefore, restoration imbalanced balanced necessary. A healthy relationship between brain achieved with introduction probiotic strains into practical consumer-friendly way, such consumption food beverages prepared characterised species, fermented foods potential biotics, synbiotic supplements.

Language: Английский

---