Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications

Experimental Physiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 105(12), P. 2007 - 2021

Published: Oct. 1, 2020

New Findings What is the topic of this review? We review sex differences within physiological systems implicated in exercise performance; specifically, how they integrate to determine metabolic thresholds and fatigability. Thereafter, we discuss implications that these might have for long‐term adaptation exercise. advances does it highlight? The collates evidence from recent studies investigated as a biological variable, demonstrating response equivalent ‘dosages’ not same males females; thus, highlighting need research diversity responses interventions. Abstract anatomical between females are thought limits human performance. notion studying variable has recently been emphasized biosciences vital step enhancing health. In review, contend effects on acute chronic must be studied accounted when prescribing aerobic exercise, much like any intervention targeting optimization function. Emerging suggests differs females, potentially mediating beneficial healthy clinical populations. highlight integrative during influenced by phenotypical throughout many systems. Furthermore, female skeletal muscle more resistant fatigue elicited dosages high‐intensity How different affect trainability considered, with discussion about tailoring characteristics individual presented context sex. Finally, influence endogenous exogenous hormones females. Sex one influences outcomes careful experimental designs, physiologists can advance collective understanding physiology optimize both sexes.

Language: Английский

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Fatigue and Human Performance: An Updated Framework

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 53(1), P. 7 - 31

Published: Oct. 18, 2022

Abstract Fatigue has been defined differently in the literature depending on field of research. The inconsistent use term fatigue complicated scientific communication, thereby limiting progress towards a more in-depth understanding phenomenon. Therefore, Enoka and Duchateau (Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:2228–38, 2016, [3]) proposed framework that distinguishes between trait (i.e., experienced by an individual over longer period time) motor or cognitive task-induced state self-reported disabling symptom derived from two interdependent attributes performance fatigability perceived fatigability). Thereby, describes decrease objective measure, while refers to sensations regulate integrity performer. Although this served as good starting point unravel psychophysiology fatigue, several important aspects were not included interdependence mechanisms driving comprehensively discussed. present narrative review aimed (1) update suggested pertaining taxonomy added) determinants considered previously (e.g., effort perception, affective valence, self-regulation), (2) discuss underlying response tasks well their interdependence, (3) provide recommendations for future research these interactions. We propose define psychophysiological condition characterized respectively) and/or increased perception fatigue). These dimensions are interdependent, hinge different determinants, depend body homeostasis wakefulness, core temperature) modulating factors age, sex, diseases, characteristics task). Consequently, there is no single factor primarily determining tasks. Instead, relative weight each determinant interaction modulated factors.

Language: Английский

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The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 55(12), P. 2328 - 2360

Published: Sept. 28, 2023

ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because fundamental differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by chromosomes hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, faster than women similar age training status. Thus, for events sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, power, males outperform females 10%–30% depending the requirements event. These emerge with onset puberty coincide increase endogenous steroid hormones, particular testosterone males, which increases 30-fold adulthood, but remains low females. The goal this consensus statement to provide latest scientific knowledge mechanisms performance. This review highlights between that determinants response exercise training, role hormones (particularly estradiol). We also identify historical nonphysiological factors influence Finally, we gaps underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities high-impact studies. A major step toward closing gap include equitable numbers mechanistic studies determine any an acute bout exercise,

Language: Английский

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Sex Differences in Endurance Running

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 52(6), P. 1235 - 1257

Published: Feb. 5, 2022

Language: Английский

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Sex differences in fatigability following exercise normalised to the power–duration relationship

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 598(24), P. 5717 - 5737

Published: Sept. 24, 2020

Key points Knee‐extensors demonstrate greater fatigue resistance in females compared to males during single‐limb and whole‐body exercise. For exercise, the intensity–duration relationship is different between sexes, with sustaining a relative intensity of This study established power–duration cycling, then assessed fatigability critical power‐matched exercise within heavy severe domains. When power curvature constant were expressed maximal ramp test power, no sex difference was observed. No time task failure observed either trial. During experienced lesser muscle de‐oxygenation. Following both trials, reductions knee‐extensor contractile function, following less reduction voluntary activation. These data that whilst not females, mechanisms are mediated by sex. Abstract Due morphological differences, locomotor modalities. Whilst sustain single‐limb, isometric than males, limited investigation has been performed Accordingly, this cycling 18 trained participants (eight females). Subsequently, constant‐load at (CP)‐matched intensities domains, via non‐invasive neurostimulation, near‐infrared spectroscopy pulmonary gas exchange Relative CP (72 ± 5 vs . 74 2% P max , = 0.210) (51 11 52 10 J −1 0.733) similar females. Subsequent ( 0.758) 0.645) failures sexes. However, function ≤ 0.020), vastus lateralis oxygenation 0.039) trials. Reductions activation occurred trials < 0.001), but trial 0.036). Furthermore, only, corticospinal excitability reduced cortical 0.020) spinal 0.036) levels, these sex‐dependent. Other lower respiratory ratio for 0.039), variables differed sexes ≥ 0.052). Collectively, CP‐matched above below

Language: Английский

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Sex differences in human performance

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 602(17), P. 4129 - 4156

Published: Aug. 6, 2024

Sex as a biological variable is an underappreciated aspect of biomedical research, with its importance emerging in more recent years. This review assesses the current understanding sex differences human physical performance. Males outperform females many capacities because they are faster, stronger and powerful, particularly after male puberty. highlights key physiological anatomical systems (generally conferred via steroids puberty) that contribute to these Specifically, we address effects primary affect development, discuss insight gained from observational study 'real-world data' elite athletes, highlight mechanisms several aspects Physiological discussed include those for varying magnitude performance involving: (1) absolute muscular strength power; (2) fatigability limb muscles measure relative performance; (3) maximal aerobic power endurance. The profound sex-based involving strength, power, speed endurance, largely attributable direct indirect sex-steroid hormones, chromosomes epigenetics, provide scientific rationale framework policy decisions on categories sports during puberty adulthood. Finally, bias problem research insufficient studies information across areas biology physiology, creating knowledge gaps opportunities high-impact studies.

Language: Английский

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Edward F. Adolph Distinguished Lecture. Age and sex differences in the limits of human performance: fatigability and real-world data

Journal of Applied Physiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 136(4), P. 659 - 676

Published: Feb. 15, 2024

High-level athletic performances may be a proxy for the trajectory of optimal function human biology with advanced aging and differences between males females. Males are faster, stronger, more powerful than females these physical attributes decline dramatically both sexes. Experimental mechanistic studies determine physiological mechanisms sex age in performance. The assumption however, that real-world solely reflect biological sexes aging, even among elite athletes, is not complete. This review presents evidence an integrated approach encompassing analysis data experimental necessary to sociocultural factors attributed limits performance First, presented focus on fatigability absolute relative exercise Second, current historical including world records, elite, collegiate, competitive age-group athletes highlighted. These illustrate upper have changed historically, other such as influences, explain widening gaps observed present-day performances. approaches broader significance when applied understanding impact historically low representation minority groups biomedical research health outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Biological and methodological factors affecting response variability to endurance training and the influence of exercise intensity prescription

Experimental Physiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 106(7), P. 1410 - 1424

Published: May 26, 2021

What is the topic of this review? Biological and methodological factors associated with variable changes in cardiorespiratory fitness response to endurance training. advances does it highlight? Several biological exist that each contribute, a given extent, variability. Notably, prescribing exercise intensity relative physiological thresholds reportedly increases rates compared when prescribed maximum values. As threshold-based approaches elicit more homogeneous acute responses among individuals, repeated over time, these uniform may manifest as chronic adaptations thereby reducing variability.Changes (CRF) training (ET) exhibit large variations, possibly due multitude factors. It acknowledged ∼20% individuals not achieve meaningful CRF ET. Genetics, most potent contributor, has been shown explain ∼50% variability, whilst age, sex baseline appear smaller proportion. Methodological represent characteristics ET itself, including type, volume exercise, well method used prescribe control intensity. are modifiable and, upon manipulation, alter ET, eliciting regardless an individual's predisposition. Particularly, threshold (e.g., ventilatory threshold) increase anchored value heart rate). is, however, uncertain whether increased primarily attributable reduced greater mean or both. Future research warranted elucidate time result exposure stimuli elicited by practices.

Language: Английский

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Sex differences in NIRS-derived values of reactive hyperemia persist after experimentally controlling for the ischemic vasodilatory stimulus

Journal of Applied Physiology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 135(1), P. 3 - 14

Published: May 18, 2023

Men and women exhibit different near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) outcomes in response to vascular occlusion tests (VOT), which may be due phenotypic characteristics or degrees of desaturation during ischemia. The minimum skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation (StO2min) observed a VOT the primary determinant reactive hyperemic (RH) responses. Our purpose was determine contribution StO2min participant including adipose thickness (ATT), lean body mass (LBM), muscular strength, limb circumference NIRS-derived indexes RH. Also, we aimed if matching would eliminate NIRS-VOT sex differences. Thirty-one young adults completed one two VOTs vastus lateralis continuously assessed for StO2. men each standard with 5-min ischemic phase. second shortened phase produce VOT. Mean differences were determined t tests, relative contributions multiple regression model comparison approaches. During phase, exhibited greater upslopes (1.97 ± 0.66 vs. 1.23 0.59%·s-1) StO2max than (80.3 4.17 76.2 2.86%). Analysis revealed contributor upslope and/or ATT. For StO2max, only significant predictor (r2 = 0.26, ∼4.09% > women). Experimentally did not suggesting that other degree primarily provoke RH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY values hyperemia even when controlling magnitude transient Factors vasodilatory stimulus, such as quality, likely commonly reported measured by spectroscopy.

Language: Английский

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Velocity-based resistance training: do women need greater velocity loss to maximize adaptations?

European Journal of Applied Physiology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 122(5), P. 1269 - 1280

Published: March 8, 2022

Abstract Purpose Men and women typically display different neuromuscular characteristics, force–velocity relationships, differing strength deficit (upper vs. lower body). Thus, it is not clear how previous recommendations for training with velocity-loss resistance based on data in men will apply to women. This study examined the inter-sex differences adaptations using 20% 40% protocols back squat bench press exercises. Methods The present employed an 8-week intervention (2 × week) comparing exercises young (~ 26 years). Maximum (1-RM) submaximal-load mean propulsive velocity (MPV) low- high-velocity lifts press, countermovement jump vastus lateralis cross-sectional area were measured at pre-, mid-, post-training. Surface EMG of quadriceps muscle activity during performance tests. Results All groups increased 1-RM exercises, as well MPV submaximal loads height ( P < 0.05). No statistically significant between-group observed, but higher magnitudes following loss g = 0.60) 1.42) 0.98) occurred Training-induced improvements accompanied by increases surface amplitude area. Conclusion Similar power observed over 8 weeks velocity-based training. However, some results suggest that gains favor rather than

Language: Английский

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