Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
120(18)
Published: April 25, 2023
Daily
and
annual
changes
in
light
are
processed
by
central
clock
circuits
that
control
the
timing
of
behavior
physiology.
The
suprachiasmatic
nucleus
(SCN)
anterior
hypothalamus
processes
daily
photic
inputs
encodes
day
length
(i.e.,
photoperiod),
but
SCN
regulate
circadian
photoperiodic
responses
to
remain
unclear.
Somatostatin
(SST)
expression
is
modulated
photoperiod,
role
SST
has
not
been
examined.
Our
results
indicate
signaling
regulates
rhythms
function
a
manner
influenced
sex.
First,
we
use
cell-fate
mapping
provide
evidence
regulated
via
de
novo
Sst
activation.
Next,
demonstrate
-/-
mice
display
enhanced
light,
with
increased
behavioral
plasticity
jetlag,
constant
conditions.
Notably,
lack
eliminated
sex
differences
due
males,
suggesting
interacts
process
differently
each
also
displayed
an
increase
number
retinorecipient
neurons
core,
which
express
type
receptor
capable
resetting
molecular
clock.
Last,
show
modulates
influencing
encoding,
network
after-effects,
intercellular
synchrony
sex-specific
manner.
Collectively,
these
insight
into
peptide
mechanisms
its
response
light.
Pharmacological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
75(3), P. 532 - 553
Published: Jan. 10, 2023
The
development
of
cutting-edge
techniques
to
study
specific
brain
regions
and
neural
circuits
that
regulate
sleep–wake
states
general
anesthesia
(GA),
has
increased
our
understanding
these
exhibit
similar
neurophysiologic
traits.
This
review
summarizes
current
knowledge
focusing
on
cell
subtypes
control
wakefulness,
rapid
eye
movement
(REM)
sleep,
non-REM
GA.
We
also
novel
insights
into
their
interactions
raise
unresolved
questions
challenges
in
this
field.
Comparisons
the
overlapping
substrates
GA
regulation
will
help
us
understand
transitions
how
anesthetics
cause
reversible
loss
consciousness.
Significance
Statement
General
sharing
numerous
traits
with
process
natural
is
administered
millions
surgical
patients
annually.
In
past
decade,
studies
exploring
mechanisms
underlying
have
advanced
Pharmacotherapies
targeting
associated
regulations
significance
for
clinical
practice
sleep
medicine.
Journal of Biological Rhythms,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
39(2), P. 135 - 165
Published: Feb. 16, 2024
It
has
been
50
years
since
the
suprachiasmatic
nucleus
(SCN)
was
first
identified
as
central
circadian
clock
and
25
last
overview
of
developments
in
field
published
Journal
Biological
Rhythms.
Here,
we
explore
new
mechanisms
concepts
that
have
emerged
subsequent
years.
Since
1997,
methodological
developments,
such
luminescent
fluorescent
reporter
techniques,
revealed
intricate
relationships
between
cellular
network-level
mechanisms.
In
particular,
specific
neuropeptides
arginine
vasopressin,
vasoactive
intestinal
peptide,
gastrin-releasing
peptide
key
players
synchronization
rhythms
within
SCN.
The
discovery
multiple
oscillators
governing
behavioral
physiological
significantly
advanced
our
understanding
clock.
interaction
neurons
glial
cells
found
to
play
a
crucial
role
regulating
these
Furthermore,
properties
SCN
network
vary
across
ontogenetic
stages.
application
cell
type–specific
genetic
manipulations
components
functional
input-output
system
their
correlation
with
functions.
This
review
concludes
high-risk
effort
identifying
open
questions
challenges
lie
ahead.
Clocks & Sleep,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
3(1), P. 189 - 226
Published: Feb. 25, 2021
The
nearly
ubiquitous
expression
of
endogenous
24
h
oscillations
known
as
circadian
rhythms
regulate
the
timing
physiological
functions
in
body.
These
intrinsic
are
sensitive
to
external
cues,
zeitgebers,
which
entrain
internal
biological
processes
daily
environmental
changes
light,
temperature,
and
food
availability.
Light
directly
entrains
master
clock,
suprachiasmatic
nucleus
(SCN)
lies
hypothalamus
brain
is
responsible
for
synchronizing
rhythms.
However,
recent
evidence
underscores
importance
other
hypothalamic
nuclei
regulating
several
essential
rhythmic
functions.
extra-SCN
also
express
rhythms,
suggesting
distinct
regions
that
oscillate
either
semi-autonomously
or
independent
SCN
innervation.
Concurrently,
sensitized
fluctuations
nutrient
hormonal
signals.
Thus,
intake
acts
another
powerful
entrainer
oscillators’
mediation
energy
homeostasis.
Ablation
studies
genetic
mouse
models
with
perturbed
function
reveal
their
critical
downstream
involvement
an
array
including
metabolism,
thermogenesis,
consumption,
thirst,
mood
sleep.
Large
epidemiological
individuals
whose
cycle
chronically
disrupted
disruption
our
clock
associated
increased
risk
obesity
neurological
diseases
disorders.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
profound
role
rhythmically
coordinating
body
wide
Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
15
Published: April 15, 2021
In
mammals,
the
central
circadian
clock
is
located
in
suprachiasmatic
nucleus
(SCN)
of
hypothalamus.
Individual
SCN
cells
exhibit
intrinsic
oscillations,
and
their
period
robustness
are
different
cell
by
absence
cellular
coupling,
indicating
that
coupling
important
for
coherent
rhythms
SCN.
Several
neuropeptides
such
as
arginine
vasopressin
(AVP)
vasoactive
intestinal
polypeptide
(VIP)
expressed
SCN,
where
these
function
synchronizers
entrainment
to
environmental
light
determining
period.
These
also
related
developmental
changes
system
Transcription
factors
required
formation
neuropeptide-related
neuronal
networks.
Although
VIP
critical
synchrony
neonatal
it
not
embryonic
During
postnatal
development,
genes
cryptochrome
(Cry)1
Cry2
involved
maturation
networks,
AVP
This
mini-review
focuses
on
functional
roles
based
recent
findings
literature.
Endocrine Reviews,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Aug. 23, 2024
In
healthy
individuals,
the
majority
of
cortisol
secretion
occurs
within
several
hours
surrounding
morning
awakening.
A
highly
studied
component
this
secretory
period
is
awakening
response
(CAR),
rapid
increase
in
levels
across
first
30-45
min
after
This
strong
burst
at
start
active
phase
has
been
proposed
to
be
functional
preparing
organism
for
challenges
upcoming
day.
Here,
we
review
evidence
on
key
regulatory
and
processes
CAR
develop
an
integrative
model
its
role.
Specifically,
propose
that,
closely
regulated
by
intricate
dual-control
system,
which
draws
upon
circadian,
environmental
neurocognitive
best
predict
daily
need
cortisol-related
action.
Fine-tuned
expression,
turn,
then
assumed
induce
potent
glucocorticoid
action
via
non-genomic
slower
genomic
pathways
(e.g.,
affecting
circadian
clock
gene
expression)
support
modulate
activity
through
relevant
metabolic,
immunological
systems.
We
that
concerted
adaptive
mediating
two
main
functions:
a
primary
process
mobilize
resources
meet
activity-related
demands
secondary
help
counterregulate
adverse
prior-day
emotional
experiences.
Journal of Neuroendocrinology,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Feb. 16, 2025
Abstract
Responses
to
external
and
internal
dangers
is
essential
for
survival
homeostatic
regulation.
Hypothalamic
corticotropin‐releasing
hormone
neurons
(CRHNs)
play
a
pivotal
role
in
regulating
neuroendocrine
responses
fear
stress.
In
recent
years,
the
application
of
neurogenetic
tools,
such
as
fiber
photometry,
chemogenetics
optogenetics,
have
provided
new
insights
into
dynamic
neuronal
CRHNs
during
stressful
events,
offering
perspectives
their
functional
significance
mediating
neurobehavioural
Transsynaptic
viral
tracers
facilitated
comprehensive
mapping
inputs
CRHNs.
Furthermore,
development
innovative
single‐cell
genomic
tools
combined
with
tracing
begun
pave
way
deeper
understanding
transcriptional
profiles
neural
circuit
components,
enabling
molecular‐anatomical
mapping.
Here,
I
will
discuss
how
these
systems
neuroscience
approaches
novel
methods
are
advancing
molecular
stress
neurocircuits,
associated
challenges
future
directions.
Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
14
Published: Jan. 14, 2021
Sleep
is
crucial
for
optimal
well-being,
and
sex
differences
in
sleep
quality
have
significant
implications
women’s
health.
We
review
the
current
literature
on
sleep,
such
as
objective
subjective
measures
their
relationship
with
aging.
then
discuss
convincing
evidence
role
of
ovarian
hormones
regulating
female
survey
how
these
act
a
multitude
brain
regions
neurochemicals
to
impact
sleep.
Lastly,
we
identify
several
important
areas
need
future
research
narrow
knowledge
gap
improve
health
women
other
understudied
populations.
Hypersomnolence
disorder
(HD)
is
characterized
by
excessive
sleep,
which
a
common
sequela
following
stroke,
infection,
or
tumorigenesis.
HD
traditionally
thought
to
be
associated
with
lesions
of
wake-promoting
nuclei.
However,
single
nucleus,
even
two
simultaneously,
did
not
exert
serious
HD.
Therefore,
the
specific
nucleus
and
neural
circuitry
for
remain
unknown.
Here,
we
observed
that
paraventricular
hypothalamus
(PVH)
exhibited
higher
c-fos
expression
during
active
period
(23:00)
than
inactive
(11:00)
in
mice.
speculated
PVH,
most
neurons
are
glutamatergic,
may
represent
one
key
arousal-controlling
centers.
By
using
vesicular
glutamate
transporter
2
(vglut2
Cre
)
mice
together
fiber
photometry,
multichannel
electrophysiological
recordings,
genetic
approaches,
found
PVH
vglut2
were
wakefulness.
Chemogenetic
activation
induced
wakefulness
9
hr,
photostimulation
→parabrachial
complex/ventral
lateral
septum
circuits
immediately
drove
transitions
from
sleep
Moreover,
lesioning
chemogenetic
inhibition
dramatically
decreased
These
results
indicate
critical
arousal
promotion
maintenance.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2021,
Volume and Issue:
22(22), P. 12242 - 12242
Published: Nov. 12, 2021
This
review
addresses
the
molecular
mechanisms
of
corticotropin-releasing
factor
(CRF)
regulation
in
hypothalamus
under
stress
and
resilience.
CRF
plays
a
central
role
regulating
response.
stimulates
adrenocorticotropic
hormone
(ACTH)
release
from
anterior
pituitary.
ACTH
glucocorticoid
secretion
adrenal
glands.
Glucocorticoids
are
essential
for
coping,
resilience,
homeostasis.
The
activated
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
axis
is
suppressed
by
negative
feedback
glucocorticoids.
Glucocorticoid-dependent
repression
cAMP-stimulated
Crf
promoter
activity
mediated
both
response
element
serum
element.
Conversely,
inducible
cAMP-early
repressor
can
suppress
via
inhibition
cAMP-dependent
gene,
as
suppressor
cytokine
signaling-3
hypothalamus.
receptor
type
1
mainly
involved
response,
depression,
anorexia,
seizure,
while
2
mediates
"stress
coping"
such
anxiolysis
brain.
Differential
effects
FK506-binding
immunophilins,
FKBP4
FKBP5,
contribute
to
efficiency
glucocorticoids
Together,
variety
factors
All
these
would
have
differential
roles
