Molecular Neurodegeneration,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
15(1)
Published: July 16, 2020
Abstract
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
is
the
most
common
neurodegenerative
disorder
seen
in
age-dependent
dementia.
There
currently
no
effective
treatment
for
AD,
which
may
be
attributed
part
to
lack
of
a
clear
underlying
mechanism.
Studies
within
last
few
decades
provide
growing
evidence
central
role
amyloid
β
(Aβ)
and
tau,
as
well
glial
contributions
various
molecular
cellular
pathways
AD
pathogenesis.
Herein,
we
review
recent
progress
with
respect
Aβ-
tau-associated
mechanisms,
discuss
dysfunction
emphasis
on
neuronal
receptors
that
mediate
Aβ-induced
toxicity.
We
also
other
critical
factors
affect
pathogenesis,
including
genetics,
aging,
variables
related
environment,
lifestyle
habits,
describe
potential
apolipoprotein
E
(APOE),
viral
bacterial
infection,
sleep,
microbiota.
Although
have
gained
much
towards
understanding
aspects
this
devastating
disorder,
greater
commitment
research
mechanism,
diagnostics
will
needed
future
research.
The Journal of Experimental Medicine,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
212(7), P. 991 - 999
Published: June 15, 2015
The
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
is
considered
an
organ
devoid
of
lymphatic
vasculature.
Yet,
part
the
cerebrospinal
fluid
(CSF)
drains
into
cervical
lymph
nodes
(LNs).
mechanism
CSF
entry
LNs
has
been
unclear.
Here
we
report
surprising
finding
a
vessel
network
in
dura
mater
mouse
brain.
We
show
that
dural
vessels
absorb
from
adjacent
subarachnoid
space
and
brain
interstitial
(ISF)
via
glymphatic
system.
Dural
transport
deep
(dcLNs)
foramina
at
base
skull.
In
transgenic
model
expressing
VEGF-C/D
trap
displaying
complete
aplasia
vessels,
macromolecule
clearance
was
attenuated
dcLNs
abrogated.
Surprisingly,
ISF
pressure
water
content
were
unaffected.
Overall,
these
findings
indicate
flow
directly
network,
which
may
be
important
for
macromolecules
Importantly,
results
call
reexamination
role
CNS
physiology
disease.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2018,
Volume and Issue:
99(1), P. 21 - 78
Published: Oct. 3, 2018
The
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
prevents
neurotoxic
plasma
components,
blood
cells,
and
pathogens
from
entering
the
brain.
At
same
time,
BBB
regulates
transport
of
molecules
into
out
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
which
maintains
tightly
controlled
chemical
composition
neuronal
milieu
that
is
required
for
proper
functioning.
In
this
review,
we
first
examine
molecular
cellular
mechanisms
underlying
establishment
BBB.
Then,
focus
on
physiology,
endothelial
pericyte
transporters,
perivascular
paravascular
transport.
Next,
discuss
rare
human
monogenic
neurological
disorders
with
primary
genetic
defect
in
BBB-associated
cells
demonstrating
link
between
breakdown
neurodegeneration.
review
effects
genes
inheritance
and/or
increased
susceptibility
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD),
Parkinson's
(PD),
Huntington's
disease,
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis
(ALS)
relation
to
other
pathologies
deficits.
We
next
how
dysfunction
relates
deficits
majority
sporadic
AD,
PD,
ALS
cases,
multiple
sclerosis,
neurodegenerative
disorders,
acute
CNS
such
as
stroke,
traumatic
brain
injury,
spinal
cord
epilepsy.
Lastly,
BBB-based
therapeutic
opportunities.
conclude
lessons
learned
future
directions,
emphasis
technological
advances
investigate
functions
living
brain,
at
level,
address
key
unanswered
questions.
Journal of Neuroinflammation,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: June 3, 2014
The
concept
of
multiple
macrophage
activation
states
is
not
new.
However,
extending
this
idea
to
resident
tissue
macrophages,
like
microglia,
has
gained
increased
interest
in
recent
years.
Unfortunately,
the
research
on
peripheral
polarization
does
necessarily
translate
accurately
their
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
counterparts.
Even
though
pro-
and
anti-inflammatory
cytokines
can
polarize
microglia
distinct
states,
specific
functions
these
still
an
area
intense
debate.
This
review
examines
possible
be
polarized
to.
followed
by
a
detailed
description
microglial
functional
relevance
process
both
acute
chronic
CNS
disease
models
described
literature.
Particular
attention
given
utilizing
M2
as
potential
therapeutic
option
treating
diseases.
