Microscopy Research and Technique,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: March 19, 2025
At
the
end
of
2019,
in
city
Wuhan,
China,
a
new
highly
infectious
coronavirus
affecting
respiratory
tract
was
announced.
It
named
SARS-Cov2,
causing
deaths
population.
In
face
this
global
health
emergency,
many
medical
and
protective
supplies
were
quickly
depleted,
some
others
dubious
quality
emerged,
including
masks
for
population
use.
Given
uncertainty,
working
group
developed
complementary
methodology
to
wind
tunnel,
technique
usually
used
measure
efficiency
particle
passage
certified
masks.
A
gravity-feed
airbrush
gun
operating
at
pressure
60
PSI
purpose.
Saline
water
concentration
20%
NaCl
as
impact
liquid
on
mask,
deposition
time
1
s,
emulating
sneezing
or
coughing.
The
particles
that
passed
through
deposited
sample
holders
scanning
electron
microscopy
(SEM),
where
0.8
×
cm
slide
placed
their
surface
covered
with
an
Au
film
by
sputtering.
sizes
allowed
pass
evaluated
using
field-emission
SEM
(FSEM).
found
0.5
between
mask
deposit
surface,
distance
nozzle
2.5
cm,
s
deposits,
K95
KN95
85%
88%,
respectively,
range
from
0.2
0
μm,
both
cases,
number
per
unit
area
low,
0.1
particles/μm2.
Based
methodology,
daily
evaluated,
finding
commercial
two-layer
polypropylene
allow
larger
than
5
μm
through,
while
three-layer
size
2
order.
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
154, P. 113522 - 113522
Published: Aug. 15, 2022
Since
the
start
of
COVID-19
pandemic,
numerous
variants
SARS-CoV-2
have
been
reported
worldwide.
The
advent
concern
(VOCs)
raises
severe
concerns
amid
serious
containment
efforts
against
that
include
physical
measures,
pharmacological
repurposing,
immunization,
and
genomic/community
surveillance.
Omicron
variant
(B.1.1.529)
has
identified
as
a
highly
modified,
contagious,
crucial
among
five
VOCs
SARS-CoV-2.
increased
affinity
spike
protein
(S-protein),
host
receptor,
angiotensin
converting
enzyme-2
(ACE-2),
due
to
higher
number
mutations
in
receptor-binding
domain
(RBD)
S-protein
proposed
primary
reason
for
decreased
efficacy
majorly
available
vaccines
transmissible
nature
variant.
Because
its
significant
competitive
advantage,
sublineages
swiftly
surpassed
other
become
dominant
circulating
lineages
nations.
prevalent
strain
United
Kingdom
South
Africa.
Furthermore,
emergence
recombinant
through
conjunction
with
or
by
mixing
variant's
sublineages/subvariants
poses
major
threat
humanity.
This
various
issues
hazards
regarding
sublineages,
such
an
breakout
susceptible
populations
fully
vaccinated
persons.
As
result,
understanding
features
genetic
implications
this
is
crucial.
Hence,
we
explained
depth
evolution
analyzed
repercussions
on
infectiousness,
dissemination
ability,
viral
entry
mechanism,
immune
evasion.
We
also
presented
viewpoint
feasible
strategies
precluding
counteracting
any
future
catastrophic
spread
omicron
could
result
detrimental
wave
cases.
Scientific Data,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: June 22, 2023
Abstract
We
measured
concentrations
of
SARS-CoV-2,
influenza
A
and
B
virus,
respiratory
syncytial
virus
(RSV),
mpox
human
metapneumovirus,
norovirus
GII,
pepper
mild
mottle
nucleic
acids
in
wastewater
solids
at
twelve
treatment
plants
Central
California,
USA.
Measurements
were
made
daily
for
up
to
two
years,
depending
on
the
plant.
using
digital
droplet
(reverse-transcription–)
polymerase
chain
reaction
(RT-PCR)
following
best
practices
making
environmental
molecular
biology
measurements.
These
data
can
be
used
better
understand
disease
occurrence
communities
contributing
wastewater.
Water,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
15(6), P. 1018 - 1018
Published: March 7, 2023
The
emergence
of
new
variants
SARS-CoV-2
associated
with
varying
infectivity,
pathogenicity,
diagnosis,
and
effectiveness
against
treatments
challenged
the
overall
management
COVID-19
pandemic.
Wastewater
surveillance
(WWS),
i.e.,
monitoring
infections
in
communities
through
detecting
viruses
wastewater,
was
applied
to
track
spread
globally.
However,
there
is
a
lack
comprehensive
understanding
use
WWS
for
variants.
Here
we
systematically
reviewed
published
articles
reporting
different
wastewater
by
following
PRISMA
guidelines
provided
current
state
art
this
study
area.
A
total
80
studies
were
found
that
reported
until
November
2022.
Most
these
(66
out
80,
82.5%)
conducted
Europe
North
America,
resource-rich
countries.
There
high
variation
sampling
strategy
around
world,
composite
(50/66
studies,
76%)
as
primary
method
In
contrast,
grab
more
common
(8/14
57%)
resource-limited
Among
detection
methods,
reverse
transcriptase
polymerase
chain
reaction
(RT-PCR)-based
sequencing
quantitative
RT-PCR
commonly
used
wastewater.
variants,
B1.1.7
(Alpha)
variant
appeared
earlier
pandemic
most
(48/80
studies),
followed
B.1.617.2
(Delta),
B.1.351
(Beta),
P.1
(Gamma),
others
All
same
pattern
clinical
within
timeline,
demonstrating
tracked
all
timely
way
when
emerged.
Thus,
may
be
utilized
identify
presence
or
absence
follow
development
transmission
existing
emerging
Routine
powerful
infectious
disease
tool
implemented
Water Research,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
221, P. 118809 - 118809
Published: July 2, 2022
On
November
26,
2021,
the
B.1.1.529
COVID-19
variant
was
classified
as
Omicron
of
concern
(VOC).
Reports
higher
transmissibility
and
potential
immune
evasion
triggered
flight
bans
heightened
health
control
measures
across
world
to
stem
its
distribution.
Wastewater-based
surveillance
has
demonstrated
be
a
useful
complement
for
clinical
community-based
tracking
SARS-CoV-2
variants.
Using
design
principles
our
previous
assays
that
detect
variants
(Alpha
Delta),
we
developed
an
allele-specific
RT-qPCR
assay
which
simultaneously
targets
stretch
mutations
from
Q493R
Q498R
quantitative
detection
in
wastewater.
We
report
their
validation
against
10-month
longitudinal
samples
influent
wastewater
treatment
plant
Italy.
RNA
concentrations
frequencies
determined
using
these
agree
with
cases,
revealing
rapid
displacement
Delta
by
within
three
weeks.
These
trends,
when
mapped
vaccination
rates,
support
studies
found
emergence
being
associated
infection
advantage
over
vaccinated
persons.
data
reinforce
versatility,
utility
accuracy
open-sourced
methods
dynamics
communities
through
informed
public
responses.
Microbiology Spectrum,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
11(3)
Published: May 8, 2023
Wastewater-based
epidemiology
has
emerged
as
a
powerful
public
health
tool
to
trace
new
outbreaks,
detect
trends
in
infection,
and
provide
an
early
warning
of
COVID-19
community
spread.
Here,
we
investigated
the
spread
SARS-CoV-2
infections
across
Utah
by
characterizing
lineages
mutations
detected
wastewater
samples.
We
sequenced
over
1,200
samples
from
32
sewersheds
collected
between
November
2021
March
2022.
Wastewater
sequencing
confirmed
presence
Omicron
(B.1.1.529)
on
19,
2021,
up
10
days
before
its
corresponding
detection
via
clinical
sequencing.
Analysis
diversity
revealed
Delta
most
frequently
lineage
during
(67.71%),
but
it
started
declining
December
with
onset
(B.1.1529)
sublineage
BA.1
(6.79%).
The
proportion
increased
~58%
January
4,
2022,
completely
displaced
February
7,
genomic
surveillance
BA.3,
that
was
not
identified
Utah's
surveillance.
Interestingly,
several
Omicron-defining
began
appear
prevalence
January,
aligning
surge
cases.
Our
study
highlights
importance
tracking
epidemiologically
relevant
detecting
emerging
stages
outbreak.
provides
unbiased
representation
community-wide
infection
dynamics
is
excellent
complementary
surveillance,
potential
guiding
action
policy
decisions.
IMPORTANCE
SARS-CoV-2,
virus
responsible
for
pandemic,
had
significant
impact
health.
Global
emergence
novel
variants,
shift
at-home
tests,
reduction
tests
demonstrate
need
reliable
effective
strategy
contain
Monitoring
viruses
way
establish
baseline
levels
complement
efforts.
particular,
can
valuable
insights
into
evolution
variants.
characterized
using
whole-genome
introduction
B.1.1.519
(Omicron)
Utah.
data
showed
appeared
prior
patient
samples,
indicating
signal.
findings
are
important
perspective
timely
identification
communities
high
transmission
could
help
guide
interventions.
Microbial Genomics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(5)
Published: May 24, 2024
Wastewater-based
surveillance
(WBS)
is
an
important
epidemiological
and
public
health
tool
for
tracking
pathogens
across
the
scale
of
a
building,
neighbourhood,
city,
or
region.
WBS
gained
widespread
adoption
globally
during
SARS-CoV-2
pandemic
estimating
community
infection
levels
by
qPCR.
Sequencing
pathogen
genes
genomes
from
wastewater
adds
information
about
genetic
diversity,
which
can
be
used
to
identify
viral
lineages
(including
variants
concern)
that
are
circulating
in
local
population.
Capturing
diversity
sequencing
not
trivial,
as
samples
often
contain
diverse
mixture
with
real
mutations
errors,
must
deconvoluted
computationally
short
reads.
In
this
study
we
assess
nine
different
computational
tools
have
recently
been
developed
address
challenge.
We
simulated
100
sequence
consisting
BA.1,
BA.2,
Delta
lineages,
various
mixtures,
well
Delta–Omicron
recombinant
synthetic
‘novel’
lineage.
Most
performed
identifying
true
present
their
relative
abundances
were
generally
robust
variation
depth
read
length.
While
many
identified
down
1
%
frequency,
results
more
reliable
above
5
threshold.
The
presence
unknown
lineage,
represents
unclassified
increases
error
abundance
estimates
other
but
magnitude
effect
was
small
most
tools.
also
varied
how
they
labelled
novel
recombinants.
our
dataset
just
one
possible
use
cases
these
methods,
hope
it
helps
users
understand
potential
sources
bias
analysis
appreciate
commonalities
differences
methods.
Heliyon,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
10(9), P. e30600 - e30600
Published: May 1, 2024
Recently,
wastewater-based
epidemiology
(WBE)
research
has
experienced
a
strong
impetus
during
the
Coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
pandemic.
However,
few
technical
issues
related
to
surveillance
strategies,
such
as
standardized
procedures
ranging
from
sampling
testing
protocols,
need
be
resolved
in
preparation
for
future
infectious
outbreaks.
This
review
highlights
study
characteristics,
potential
use
of
WBE
and
overview
methods,
well
methods
utilized
detect
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV-2)
including
its
variant
wastewater.
A
literature
search
was
performed
electronically
PubMed
Scopus
according
PRISMA
guidelines
relevant
peer-reviewed
articles
published
between
January
2020
March
2022.
The
identified
588
articles,
out
which
221
fulfilled
necessary
criteria
are
discussed
this
review.
Most
global
studies
were
conducted
North
America
(n=75,
34%),
followed
by
Europe
(n=68,
30.8%),
Asia
(n=43,
19.5%).
also
showed
that
most
application
observed
correlate
SARS-CoV-2
ribonucleic
acid
(RNA)
trends
sewage
with
epidemiological
data
(n=90,
40.7%).
techniques
often
used
globally
sample
collection,
concentration,
preferred
matrix
recovery
control
various
types
discussed.
Overall,
provided
framework
researchers
specializing
apply
strategic
approaches
their
questions
achieving
better
functional
insights.
In
addition,
areas
needed
more
in-depth
analysis,
ideas
new
initiatives
identified.
Environmental Science & Technology Letters,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
9(6), P. 575 - 580
Published: May 26, 2022
Greater
knowledge
of
circulating
SARS-CoV-2
variants
can
inform
pandemic
response,
vaccine
development,
disease
epidemiology,
and
use
monoclonal
antibody
treatments.
We
developed
custom
assays
targeting
characteristic
mutations
in
Omicron
BA.1
BA.2
confirmed
their
sensitivity
specificity
silico
vitro.
then
applied
these
to
daily
wastewater
solid
samples
from
eight
publicly
owned
treatment
works
the
greater
Bay
Area
California,
United
States,
over
four
months
obtain
a
spatially
temporally
intensive
data
set.
documented
regional
replacement
with
agreement
with,
ahead
of,
clinical
sequencing
data.
This
study
highlights
utility
surveillance
for
real-time
tracking
sublineage
circulation.
The
results
suggest
that
concerted
efforts
design
RT-PCR
target
variant
wide-scale
monitoring
implementation
will
be
informative
response.