COVID-19 and Respiratory Virus Co-Infections: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Viruses, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(4), P. 865 - 865

Published: March 28, 2023

Τhe COVID-19 pandemic highly impacted the circulation, seasonality, and morbidity burden of several respiratory viruses. We reviewed published cases SARS-CoV-2 virus co-infections as 12 April 2022. influenza were reported almost exclusively during first wave. It is possible that overall incidence higher because paucity co-testing for viruses waves when mild might have been missed. Animal models indicate severe lung pathology high fatality; nevertheless, available literature largely inconclusive regarding clinical course prognosis co-infected patients. also importance considering sequence timing each infection; however, there no such information in human cases. Given differences between 2020 2023 terms epidemiology availability vaccines specific treatment against COVID-19, it rational not to extrapolate these early findings present times. expected characteristics will evolve upcoming seasons. Multiplex real-time PCR-based assays developed past two years should be used increase diagnostic infection control capacity, surveillance purposes. share same high-risk groups, essential latter get vaccinated both Further studies are needed elucidate how shaped years, impact prognosis.

Language: Английский

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Pathogenesis of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection at the extremes of age: decipher the ominous tales of immune vulnerability

Advanced Biotechnology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 3(1)

Published: Jan. 21, 2025

The co-circulation of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 has led to co-infection events, primarily affecting children older adults, who are at higher risk for severe disease. Although prevalence is relatively low, it associated with worse outcomes compared mono-infections. Previous studies have shown that the depend on multiple factors, including viral interference, virus-host interaction host response. Children elderly exhibit distinct patterns antiviral response, which involve airway epithelium, mucociliary clearance, innate adaptive immune cells, inflammatory mediators. This review explores pathogeneses co-infection, focusing responses in elderly. By comparing immature immunity senescence we aim provide insights clinical management cases.

Language: Английский

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The Host Response to Influenza A Virus Interferes with SARS-CoV-2 Replication during Coinfection

Journal of Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 96(15)

Published: July 12, 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A virus (IAV) represent two highly transmissible airborne pathogens with pandemic capabilities. Although these viruses belong to separate families-SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the family Coronaviridae, while IAV Orthomyxoviridae-both have shown zoonotic potential, significant animal reservoirs in species close contact humans. The are similar their capacity infect human airways, coinfections resulting morbidity mortality been documented. Here, we investigate interaction between SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 H1N1 A/California/04/2009 during coinfection. Competition assays vitro were performed susceptible cells that either interferon type I/III (IFN-I/-III) nonresponsive or IFN-I/-III responsive, addition an vivo golden hamster model. We find infection does not interfere biology vivo, regardless timing infections. In contrast, observe loss replication following infection. latter phenotype correlates increased levels immune priming interferes kinetics replication. Together, data suggest cocirculation unlikely result severity disease. IMPORTANCE population now has circulating RNA high namely, virus. As both airways can mortality, it imperative also understand consequences getting coinfected. demonstrate host response uniquely although inverse relationship evident. Overall, comparable alone.

Language: Английский

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Sequential Infection with Influenza A Virus Followed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Leads to More Severe Disease and Encephalitis in a Mouse Model of COVID-19

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 863 - 863

Published: May 28, 2024

COVID-19 is a spectrum of clinical symptoms in humans caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. The coalescence SARS-CoV-2 seasonal respiratory viruses, particularly influenza global health concern. To understand this, transgenic mice expressing the human ACE2 receptor (K18-hACE2) were infected A virus (IAV) followed and host response effect on biology was compared to K18-hACE2 IAV or alone. sequentially showed reduced RNA synthesis, yet exhibited more rapid weight loss, severe lung damage prolongation innate singly control mice. Sequential also exacerbated extrapulmonary encephalitic manifestations associated infection. Conversely, prior commercially available, multivalent live-attenuated vaccine (Fluenz Tetra) elicited same reduction albeit without increase disease severity. This suggests that immune stimulated inhibits Interestingly, an attenuated, apathogenic does not result aberrant enhanced Taken together, data suggest coinfection (‘twinfection’) deleterious mitigation steps should be instituted as part comprehensive public management strategy COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Respiratory Viral Coinfections: Insights into Epidemiology, Immune Response, Pathology, and Clinical Outcomes

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(4), P. 316 - 316

Published: April 12, 2024

Respiratory viral coinfections are a global public health threat that poses an economic burden on individuals, families, and healthcare infrastructure. Viruses may coinfect interact synergistically or antagonistically, their coinfection not affect replication rate. These interactions specific to different virus combinations, which underlines the importance of understanding mechanisms behind these differential need for novel diagnostic methods accurately identify multiple viruses causing disease in patient avoid misdiagnosis. This review examines epidemiological patterns, pathology manifestations, immune response modulation respiratory combinations occur during using experimental models better understand dynamics takes driving outcomes severity, is crucial guide development prevention treatment strategies.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 and influenza co-infection: A cross-sectional study in central Missouri during the 2021–2022 influenza season

Virology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 576, P. 105 - 110

Published: Sept. 30, 2022

Language: Английский

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The interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with cocirculating pathogens: Epidemiological implications and current knowledge gaps

PLoS Pathogens, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 19(3), P. e1011167 - e1011167

Published: March 8, 2023

Despite the availability of effective vaccines, persistence severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suggests that cocirculation with other pathogens and resulting multiepidemics (of, for example, COVID-19 influenza) may become increasingly frequent. To better forecast control risk such multiepidemics, it is essential to elucidate potential interactions SARS-CoV-2 pathogens; these interactions, however, remain poorly defined. Here, we aimed review current body evidence about interactions. Our structured in four parts. study pathogen a systematic comprehensive way, first developed general framework capture their major components: sign (either negative antagonistic or positive synergistic interactions), strength (i.e., magnitude interaction), symmetry (describing whether interaction depends on order infection interacting pathogens), duration short-lived long-lived), mechanism (e.g., modifies susceptibility infection, transmissibility severity disease). Second, reviewed experimental from animal models Of 14 studies identified, 11 focused outcomes coinfection nonattenuated influenza A viruses (IAVs), 3 pathogens. The IAV used different designs (ferrets, hamsters, mice) but generally demonstrated increased disease compared either monoinfection. By contrast, effect viral load virus was variable inconsistent across studies. Third, epidemiological human populations. Although numerous were only few specifically designed infer interaction, many prone multiple biases, including confounding. Nevertheless, results suggested pneumococcal conjugate vaccinations associated reduced infection. Finally, fourth, formulated simple transmission an epidemic endemic bacterial pathogen, showing how they can naturally incorporate proposed framework. More generally, argue models, when integrative multidisciplinary perspective, will be invaluable tools resolve substantial uncertainties

Language: Английский

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Viral Interference During Influenza A–SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection of the Human Airway Epithelium and Reversal by Oseltamivir

The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 229(5), P. 1430 - 1434

Published: Sept. 18, 2023

Abstract To gain insight into interactions among respiratory viruses, we modeled influenza A virus (IAV)-severe acute syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coinfections using differentiated human airway epithelial cultures. Replicating IAV induced a more robust interferon response than SARS-CoV-2 and suppressed replication in both sequential simultaneous infections, whereas did not enhance host cell defense during infection or suppress replication. Oseltamivir, an antiviral targeting influenza, reduced coinfection but also the restored These results demonstrate how perturbations one viral can impact its effect on coinfecting virus.

Language: Английский

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Simultaneous Detection of Infectious Diseases Using Aptamer-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles in the Lateral Flow Immunoassay-Based Signal Amplification Platform

Analytical Chemistry, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 96(4), P. 1725 - 1732

Published: Jan. 19, 2024

Various platforms for the accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases have been studied because emergence coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2019. Recently, it has become difficult to distinguish viruses with similar symptoms due continuous mutation viruses, and there is an increasing need a diagnostic method detect them simultaneously. Therefore, we developed paper-based rapid antigen test using DNA aptamers simultaneous detection influenza A, B, COVID-19. Aptamers specific each target viral were selected attached AuNPs application kit our company's heterogeneous sandwich-type aptamer screening (H-SELEX). We confirmed that three could be detected on same membrane without cross-reactivity based high stability, specificity, binding affinity aptamers. Further, limit was 2.89 pg·mL–1 when applied develop signal amplification technology; virus successfully diluted nasopharyngeal samples. believe kit, such accuracy, can various diseases, thereby therapeutic effect contributing clinical field.

Language: Английский

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High burden of viruses and bacterial pathobionts drives heightened nasal innate immunity in children

The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 221(9)

Published: July 1, 2024

Studies during the COVID-19 pandemic showed that children had heightened nasal innate immune responses compared with adults. To evaluate role of viruses and bacteria in driving these responses, we performed cytokine profiling comprehensive, symptom-agnostic testing for respiratory bacterial pathobionts nasopharyngeal samples from tested SARS-CoV-2 2021-22 (n = 467). Respiratory and/or were highly prevalent (82% symptomatic 30% asymptomatic children; 90 49% <5 years). Virus detection load correlated interferon response biomarker CXCL10, previously reported discrepancy between viral was explained by coinfections. Bacterial a distinct proinflammatory elevated IL-1β TNF but not CXCL10. Furthermore, paired healthy 1-year-olds collected 1-2 wk apart revealed frequent virus acquisition or clearance, mucosal immunophenotype changing parallel. These findings reveal frequent, dynamic host-pathogen interactions drive activation children.

Language: Английский

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