The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 102(2), P. 689 - 813

Published: Sept. 6, 2021

During the past 30 yr, investigating physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by dramatic increase obesity and its comorbidities that coincided with an ever increasing sophistication genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results remarkable degree cell specificity, particularly at signaling level, played lead role advancing field. However, putting these findings into brain-wide context connects physiological signals neurons to behavior somatic requires thorough consideration neuronal connections: field also seen extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal present comprehensive balanced assessment how associated energy homeostasis interact many brain levels control behaviors. A major theme engage sets interacting neural networks throughout are defined specific connections. We begin discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones still engender vigorous debate, provide necessary frameworks for understanding controls meal initiation termination. include key word definitions, ATP availability as pivotal regulated variable homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic hedonic eating, structure. Within this context, we discuss network models regions endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, spinal cord work together gastrointestinal tract enable complex motor events permit animals eat diverse situations.

Language: Английский

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Emergence of robust self-organized undulatory swimming based on local hydrodynamic force sensing

Science Robotics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 6(57)

Published: Aug. 11, 2021

Undulatory swimming represents an ideal behavior to investigate locomotion control and the role of underlying central peripheral components in spinal cord. Many vertebrate swimmers have pattern generators local pressure-sensitive receptors that provide information about surrounding fluid. However, it remains difficult study experimentally how these sensors influence motor commands animals. Here, using a specifically designed robot captures essential animal neuromechanical system simulations, we tested hypothesis sensed hydrodynamic pressure forces can entrain body actuation through feedback loops. We found evidence this mechanism leads self-organized undulatory by providing intersegmental coordination oscillations. Swimming be redundantly induced mechanisms, show that, therefore, combination both mechanisms offers higher robustness against neural disruptions than any them alone, which potentially explains some vertebrates retain locomotor capabilities after cord lesions. These results broaden our understanding expand knowledge for design robust modular robots physically interact with environment.

Language: Английский

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Brainstem Circuits for Locomotion

Annual Review of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 45(1), P. 63 - 85

Published: Jan. 5, 2022

Locomotion is a universal motor behavior that expressed as the output of many integrated brain functions. organized at several levels nervous system, with brainstem circuits acting gate between areas regulating innate, emotional, or motivational locomotion and executive spinal circuits. Here we review recent advances on involved in controlling locomotion. We describe how delineated command govern start, speed, stop, steering also discuss these pathways interface cord diverse important for context-specific selection A recurrent theme need to establish functional connectome from Finally, point unresolved issues concerning function locomotor control.

Language: Английский

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Movement is governed by rotational neural dynamics in spinal motor networks

Nature, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 610(7932), P. 526 - 531

Published: Oct. 12, 2022

Language: Английский

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Mapping the neural dynamics of locomotion across the Drosophila brain

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 34(4), P. 710 - 726.e4

Published: Jan. 21, 2024

Language: Английский

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Basal ganglia–spinal cord pathway that commands locomotor gait asymmetries in mice

Nature Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 27(4), P. 716 - 727

Published: Feb. 12, 2024

Abstract The basal ganglia are essential for executing motor actions. How the engage spinal networks has remained elusive. Medullary Chx10 gigantocellular (Gi) neurons required turning gait programs, suggesting that gaits organized by executed via this descending pathway. Performing deep brainstem recordings of Gi Ca 2+ activity in adult mice, we show striatal projection initiate a dominant crossed pathway to on contralateral side. Using intersectional viral tracing and cell-type-specific modulation, uncover principal ganglia–spinal cord locomotor asymmetries mice: → pontine reticular nucleus, oral part (PnO) cord. Modulating restricted PnO restores competence upon damage, dysfunction may contribute debilitating deficits observed Parkinson’s disease. Our results reveal stratified circuit architecture underlying critical program.

Language: Английский

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Rhythmic categories in horse gait kinematics

Journal of Anatomy, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

Abstract Anecdotally, horses' gaits sound rhythmic. Are they really? In this study, we quantified the motor rhythmicity of horses across three different (walk, trot, and canter). For first time, adopted quantitative tools from bioacoustics music cognition to quantify locomotor rhythmicity. Specifically, tested whether kinematics data contained rhythmic categories; these occur when adjacent temporal intervals are categorically, rather than randomly, distributed. We extracted motion cycle duration (t k ) two ipsilateral hooves 13 ridden calculated ratios successive t values. significantly fell within categories how close were small‐integer ratios, a feature also present in animal vocalizations human music. found strong isochronous pattern—a 1:1 ratio, corresponding ticking clock—in single limbs for all gaits. analyzed interlimb coordination hooves' impacts identify differences associated with biomechanical patterns an pattern trot 1:3 3:1 walk canter. Our findings step toward quantifying horse locomotion potentially resulting sounds, possible implications as detect gait irregularities. Overall, show that valuable tool kinematic analysis can be used domain.

Language: Английский

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Integrating physiology into movement ecology of large terrestrial mammals

Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 228(Suppl_1)

Published: Feb. 15, 2025

ABSTRACT Movement paths are influenced by external factors and depend on an individual's navigation capacity (Where to move?), motion (How move?) ultimately driven internal physiological state (Why move?). Despite physiology underlying most aspects of this movement ecology framework, the physiology–movement nexus remains understudied in large terrestrial mammals. Within Commentary, we highlight processes that underpin framework how integrating measurements can provide mechanistic insights may enhance our understanding drivers animal movement. We focus mammals, which well represented within literature but under-represented studies integrate state. Recent advances biologging technology allow for variables, such as heart rate body movements, be recorded remotely continuously free-living animals. Biologging temperature additional into states driving Body not only provides a measure thermal stress, also index wellbeing through quantification nutrition, hydration, reproductive disease drive movements. Integrating measures with fine-scale GPS locations causality improve movement, is crucial population performance monitoring reintroduction success. recommend baseline undertaken, linking mechanisms, development realistic predictive models conservation efforts Anthropocene.

Language: Английский

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Multiple Rhythm-Generating Circuits Act in Tandem with Pacemaker Properties to Control the Start and Speed of Locomotion

Neuron, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 105(6), P. 1048 - 1061.e4

Published: Jan. 22, 2020

Language: Английский

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Control of Orienting Movements and Locomotion by Projection-Defined Subsets of Brainstem V2a Neurons

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 30(23), P. 4665 - 4681.e6

Published: Oct. 1, 2020

Spatial orientation requires the execution of lateralized movements and a change in animal's heading response to multiple sensory modalities. While much research has focused on circuits for integration, chiefly midbrain superior colliculus (SC), downstream cells that engage adequate motor actions have remained elusive. Furthermore, mechanisms supporting trajectory changes are still speculative. Here, using transneuronal viral tracings mice, we show brainstem V2a neurons, genetically defined subtype glutamatergic neurons reticular formation, receive putative synaptic inputs from contralateral SC. This makes them candidate relay orienting commands. We next unilateral optogenetic activations vivo evoked ipsilateral orienting-like responses head nose tip stationary mice. When animals walking, similar stimulations impose transient locomotor arrest followed by trajectory. Third, reveal these distinct controlled dedicated subsets each projecting specific spinal cord segment, with at least (1) lumbar-projecting subset whose activation specifically controls speed but neither impacts nor evokes movements, (2) cervical-projecting orientation, not speed. Activating latter suffices steer animals' directional heading, placing as prime driver their modular organization may therefore underlie orchestration during multi-faceted behaviors.

Language: Английский

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