Neuron,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
105(4), P. 700 - 711.e6
Published: Dec. 16, 2019
Deciding
between
stimuli
requires
combining
their
learned
value
with
one's
sensory
confidence.
We
trained
mice
in
a
visual
task
that
probes
this
combination.
Mouse
choices
reflected
not
only
present
confidence
and
past
rewards
but
also
Their
behavior
conformed
to
model
combines
signal
detection
reinforcement
learning.
In
the
model,
predicted
of
chosen
option
is
product
value.
found
precise
correlates
variable
pre-outcome
activity
midbrain
dopamine
neurons
medial
prefrontal
cortical
neurons.
However,
latter
played
causal
role:
inactivating
cortex
before
outcome
strengthened
learning
from
outcome.
Dopamine
role
after
outcome,
when
they
encoded
reward
prediction
errors
graded
by
confidence,
influencing
subsequent
choices.
These
results
reveal
neural
signals
combine
guide
Human Reproduction Update,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
23(3), P. 300 - 321
Published: Nov. 23, 2016
Obesity
is
caused
by
an
imbalance
between
energy
intake,
i.e.
eating
and
expenditure
(EE).
Severe
obesity
more
prevalent
in
women
than
men
worldwide,
pathophysiology
the
resultant
obesity-related
disease
risks
differ
men.
The
underlying
mechanisms
are
largely
unknown.
Pre-clinical
clinical
research
indicate
that
ovarian
hormones
may
play
a
major
role.We
systematically
reviewed
pre-clinical
literature
on
effects
of
physiology
adipose
tissue
(AT)
regulation
AT
mass
intake
EE.Articles
English
indexed
PubMed
through
January
2016
were
searched
using
keywords
related
to:
(i)
reproductive
hormones,
(ii)
weight
(iii)
central
nervous
system.
We
sought
to
identify
emerging
foci
with
translational
potential
rather
provide
comprehensive
review.We
find
estrogens
leading
role
causes
consequences
female
obesity.
With
respect
adiposity,
synergize
genes
increase
gluteofemoral
subcutaneous
decrease
reproductive-age
women,
which
leads
protective
cardiometabolic
effects.
Loss
after
menopause,
independent
aging,
increases
total
decreases
lean
body
mass,
so
there
little
net
effect
weight.
Menopause
also
partially
reverses
women's
distribution.
These
can
be
counteracted
estrogen
treatment.
eating,
increasing
levels
progressively
during
follicular
peri-ovulatory
phases
menstrual
cycle.
Progestin
associated
luteal
phase,
but
does
not
appear
causal
relationship.
Progestins
binge
stimulated
negative
emotional
states
phase.
indicates
one
mechanism
for
pre-ovulatory
action
satiating
potency
gastrointestinal
hormone
cholecystokinin.
Another
involves
preference
sweet
foods
Genetic
defects
brain
α-melanocycte-stimulating
hormone-melanocortin
receptor
(melanocortin
4
receptor,
MC4R)
signaling
lead
syndrome
overeating
particularly
pronounced
animals.
appears
around
puberty
mice
genetic
deletions
MC4R,
suggesting
hormones.
Emerging
functional
brain-imaging
data
fluctuations
affect
influencing
striatal
dopaminergic
processing
flavor
hedonics
lateral
prefrontal
cortex
cognitive
inhibitory
controls
eating.
There
dearth
neuroendocrine
control
menopause.
comparatively
EE,
although
changes
cycle
do
resting
EE.The
markedly
greater
burden
makes
understanding
diverse
EE
adiposity
urgent
challenges.
A
variety
modalities
used
investigate
these
most
accessible
animal
models.
Therefore,
human
roles
its
should
intensified
gain
further
mechanistic
insights
ultimately
translated
into
novel
anti-obesity
therapies
thereby
improve
health.
Combining
rabies-virus
tracing,
optical
clearing
(CLARITY),
and
whole-brain
light-sheet
imaging,
we
mapped
the
monosynaptic
inputs
to
midbrain
dopamine
neurons
projecting
different
targets
(different
parts
of
striatum,
cortex,
amygdala,
etc)
in
mice.
We
found
that
most
populations
receive
a
similar
set
rather
than
forming
strong
reciprocal
connections
with
their
target
areas.
A
common
feature
among
was
existence
dense
'clusters'
within
ventral
striatum.
However,
posterior
striatum
were
outliers,
receiving
relatively
few
from
instead
more
globus
pallidus,
subthalamic
nucleus,
zona
incerta.
These
results
lay
foundation
for
understanding
input/output
structure
circuit
demonstrate
constitute
unique
class
regulated
by
inputs.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
101(2), P. 611 - 681
Published: Sept. 24, 2020
This
article
reviews
the
behavioral
neuroscience
of
extinction,
phenomenon
in
which
a
behavior
that
has
been
acquired
through
Pavlovian
or
instrumental
(operant)
learning
decreases
strength
when
outcome
reinforced
it
is
removed.
Behavioral
research
indicates
neither
nor
operant
extinction
depends
substantially
on
erasure
original
but
instead
new
inhibitory
primarily
expressed
context
learned,
as
exemplified
by
renewal
effect.
Although
nature
inhibition
may
differ
and
either
case
decline
responding
depend
both
generalization
decrement
correction
prediction
error.
At
neural
level,
requires
tripartite
circuit
involving
amygdala,
prefrontal
cortex,
hippocampus.
Synaptic
plasticity
amygdala
essential
for
learning,
cortical
neurons
encoding
fear
memories
involved
retrieval.
Hippocampal-prefrontal
circuits
mediate
relapse
phenomena,
including
renewal.
Instrumental
involves
distinct
ensembles
corticostriatal,
striatopallidal,
striatohypothalamic
well
their
thalamic
returns
(extinction)
excitatory
(renewal
other
phenomena)
control
over
responding.
The
field
made
significant
progress
recent
decades,
although
fully
integrated
biobehavioral
understanding
still
awaits.
Oxford University Press eBooks,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: June 17, 2019
Abstract
The
Brain
from
Inside
Out
takes
a
critical
look
at
contemporary
brain
research
and
reminds
us
that
theoretical
framework
does
matter.
Current
technology-driven
neuroscience
is
still
largely
fueled
by
an
empiricist
philosophy
assuming
the
brain’s
goal
to
perceive,
represent
world,
learn
truth.
An
inevitable
consequence
of
this
assumption
decision-making
homunculus
wedged
between
our
perception
actions.
In
contrast,
advocates
fundamental
function
induce
actions
predict
consequences
those
support
survival
prosperity
host.
Brains
constantly
test
their
hypotheses
producing
rather
than
searching
for
veridical
objective
world.
Only
can
provide
second
opinion
about
relevance
sensory
inputs
meaning
interpretation
inputs.
inside-out
framework,
it
not
sensations
teach
build
up
its
circuits.
Instead,
comes
with
preconfigured
self-organized
dynamics
constrains
how
acts
views
Both
anatomical
physiological
organizations
are
characterized
enormous
diversity
which
spans
several
orders
magnitude.
two
ends
continuous
landscape
give
rise
apparently
distinct
qualitative
features.
A
small
core
strongly
interconnected,
highly
active
neurons
provides
fast
“good-enough”
answers
in
needy
situations
generalizations,
whereas
detailed
precise
solutions
rely
on
contribution
more
isolated
sluggish
majority.
non-egalitarian
organization,
preexisting
nonsense
patterns
become
meaningful
through
action-based
experience.
offers
alternative
strategy
investigate
operations
cognitive
faculties,
as
opposed
outside-in
approach
explores
preconceived
ideas
map
onto
structures.