The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome

Current Hypertension Reports, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 20(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2018

Language: Английский

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Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 94(2), P. 355 - 382

Published: April 1, 2014

Thyroid hormone (TH) is required for normal development as well regulating metabolism in the adult. The thyroid receptor (TR) isoforms, α and β, are differentially expressed tissues have distinct roles TH signaling. Local activation of thyroxine (T4), to active form, triiodothyronine (T3), by 5'-deiodinase type 2 (D2) a key mechanism regulation metabolism. D2 hypothalamus, white fat, brown adipose tissue (BAT), skeletal muscle adaptive thermogenesis. gland regulated thyrotropin releasing (TRH) stimulating (TSH). In addition TRH/TSH feedback, there central modulation nutritional signals, such leptin, peptides appetite. nutrient status cell provides feedback on signaling pathways through epigentic modification histones. Integration with adrenergic nervous system occurs peripherally, liver, BAT, but also centrally, hypothalamus. TR regulates cholesterol carbohydrate direct actions gene expression cross-talk other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated (PPAR), liver X (LXR), bile acid pathways. modulates hepatic insulin sensitivity, especially important suppression gluconeogenesis. role metabolic has led several new therapeutic targets disorders. Understanding mechanisms interactions various will improve our likelihood identifying effective selective targets.

Language: Английский

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Mitochondrial energetics in the kidney

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 13(10), P. 629 - 646

Published: Aug. 14, 2017

Language: Английский

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Regulation and function of AMPK in physiology and diseases

Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 48(7), P. e245 - e245

Published: July 15, 2016

5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine that was originally identified as the key player in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. Intensive research over last decade has diverse molecular mechanisms and physiological conditions regulate AMPK activity. regulates metabolic processes dysregulated major chronic diseases, such obesity, inflammation, diabetes cancer. On basis of its critical roles physiology pathology, emerging one most promising targets for both prevention treatment these diseases. In this review, we discuss current understanding regulation functions. addition, underlying versatile Therapies based on enzyme involved balance may help prevent treat cancer, obesity diabetes. Sang-Min Jeon at Ajou University Suwon, South Korea, reviewed ‘5’-AMP-activated kinase' (AMPK), potential to Among other tasks, maintains cells by regulating glucose levels oxidizing fatty acids. Research indicates are suppressed over-eating, triggering insulin resistance hence Reducing can also induce a component diseases like Jeon's review finds evidence activating patients could progression A similar technique fight early-stage carcinogenesis. However, warns exacerbate later-stage carcinogenesis established cancer tumors.

Language: Английский

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New insights into the mechanisms of polyphenols beyond antioxidant properties; lessons from the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin 3-gallate

Redox Biology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 2, P. 187 - 195

Published: Jan. 1, 2014

Green tea is rich in polyphenol flavonoids including catechins. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) the most abundant and potent green catechin. EGCG has been extensively studied for its beneficial health effects as a nutriceutical agent. Based upon chemical structure, often classified an antioxidant. However, treatment of cells with results production hydrogen peroxide hydroxyl radicals presence Fe (III). Thus, functions pro-oxidant some cellular contexts. Recent investigations have revealed many other direct actions that are independent from anti-oxidative mechanisms. In this review, we discuss these novel molecular mechanisms action EGCG. particular, directly interacts proteins phospholipids plasma membrane regulates signal transduction pathways, transcription factors, DNA methylation, mitochondrial function, autophagy to exert biological actions.

Language: Английский

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AMP-activated protein kinase: the current landscape for drug development

Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 18(7), P. 527 - 551

Published: March 13, 2019

Language: Английский

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AMPK as a Therapeutic Target for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 28(8), P. 545 - 560

Published: June 21, 2017

Language: Английский

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Interventions to Slow Aging in Humans: Are We Ready?

Aging Cell, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 14(4), P. 497 - 510

Published: April 22, 2015

The workshop entitled 'Interventions to Slow Aging in Humans: Are We Ready?' was held Erice, Italy, on October 8–13, 2013, bring together leading experts the biology and genetics of aging obtain a consensus related discovery development safe interventions slow increase healthy lifespan humans. There that there is sufficient evidence will delay prevent disease onset for many chronic conditions adult old age. Essential pathways have been identified, behavioral, dietary, pharmacologic approaches emerged. Although gene targets drugs were discussed not complete about all interventions, participants selected subset most promising strategies could be tested humans their effects healthspan. These were: (i) dietary mimicking restriction (periodic fasting diets, protein restriction, etc.); (ii) inhibit growth hormone/IGF-I axis; (iii) mTOR–S6K pathway; or (iv) activate AMPK specific sirtuins. choices based part consistent pro-longevity ability these multiple age-related diseases improve healthspan simple model organisms rodents potential effective extending human authors this manuscript speakers discussants invited workshop. following summary highlights major points addressed conclusions meeting.

Language: Английский

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Short-term cold acclimation improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Nature Medicine, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 21(8), P. 863 - 865

Published: July 6, 2015

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of inflammatory responses and development of insulin resistance: how are they interlinked?

Journal of Biomedical Science, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Dec. 1, 2016

Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the major hallmark for pathogenesis and etiology type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). IR directly interlinked with various inflammatory responses which play crucial role in development IR. Inflammatory a main causative factor T2DM. A comprehensive online English literature was searched using electronic search databases. Different terms IR, were used an advanced conducted by combining all fields abstracts, keywords, titles. We summarized data from articles found that activate production pro-inflammatory mediators notably cytokines, chemokines adipocytokines through involvement transcriptional mediated molecular pathways, oxidative metabolic stress. Overnutrition contributes to induce state low-grade inflammation due accumulation elevated levels glucose and/or lipids blood stream occur leads activation pathways. This results induction are decisively involved provoke tissue-specific interfering insulin signaling Once developed, it increases stress β-cells pancreatic islets peripheral tissues impairs secretion, sensitivity tissues, respectively. Moreover, we also regarding treatment strategies responses-induced In this article, have briefly described how mediators, stress, pathways tissues-specific based on recent investigations, counterfeit these best strategy prevent ameliorating incidences responses.

Language: Английский

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