Early Experiences of Threat, but Not Deprivation, Are Associated With Accelerated Biological Aging in Children and Adolescents

Biological Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 85(3), P. 268 - 278

Published: Sept. 27, 2018

Language: Английский

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Neglect as a Violation of Species-Expectant Experience: Neurodevelopmental Consequences

Biological Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 82(7), P. 462 - 471

Published: Feb. 28, 2017

Language: Английский

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The Value of Dimensional Models of Early Experience: Thinking Clearly About Concepts and Categories

Perspectives on Psychological Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(6), P. 1463 - 1472

Published: Sept. 7, 2021

We review the three prevailing approaches—specificity, cumulative risk, and dimensional models—to conceptualizing developmental consequences of early-life adversity address fundamental problems with characterization these frameworks in a recent Perspectives on Psychological Science piece by Smith Pollak. respond to concerns raised Pollak about models early experience highlight value for studying adversity. Basic dimensions proposed existing include threat/harshness, deprivation, unpredictability. These identify core that cut across categorical exposures have been focus specificity risk approaches (e.g., abuse, institutional rearing, chronic poverty); delineate aspects are likely influence brain behavioral development; afford hypotheses adaptive maladaptive responses different adversity; articulate specific mechanisms through which exert their influences, experience-driven plasticity within an evolutionary-developmental framework. In doing so, advance falsifiable hypotheses, grounded neurodevelopmental evolutionary principles, supported accumulating evidence provide fertile ground empirical studies

Language: Английский

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Dimensions of childhood adversity have distinct associations with neural systems underlying executive functioning

Development and Psychopathology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 29(5), P. 1777 - 1794

Published: Nov. 22, 2017

Childhood adversity is associated with increased risk for psychopathology. Neurodevelopmental pathways underlying this remain poorly understood. A recent conceptual model posits that childhood can be deconstructed into at least two dimensions, deprivation and threat, are distinct neurocognitive consequences. This argues (i.e., a lack of cognitive stimulation learning opportunities) poor executive function (EF), whereas threat not. We examine hypothesis in studies measuring EF multiple levels: performance on tasks, neural recruitment during EF, problems daily life. In Study 1, (low parental education child neglect) was greater parent-reported adolescents (N = 169; 13-17 years) after adjustment levels (community violence abuse), which were unrelated to EF. 2, low working memory (WM) inefficient the parietal prefrontal cortex high WM load among 51, 13-20 adjusting abuse, task WM. These findings constitute strong preliminary evidence novel neurodevelopmental consequences adversity.

Language: Английский

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Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience

Development and Psychopathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 34(2), P. 447 - 471

Published: March 14, 2022

Abstract Two extant frameworks – the harshness-unpredictability model and threat-deprivation attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively, why, based a history natural selection, development operates way it does across range environmental contexts, how neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity learning in response experiences influence brain Building these frameworks, we advance an integrated experience, focusing threat-based forms harshness, deprivation-based unpredictability. This makes clear why are inextricable and, together, essential understanding environment matter. Core integrative concepts include directedness learning, multiple levels developmental adaptation environment, tradeoffs between adaptive maladaptive responses adversity. The proposes proximal distal cues as well unpredictability those cues, calibrate both immediate rearing environments broader ecological current future. We highlight actionable directions for research needed investigate experience.

Language: Английский

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Psychological Resilience: An Affect-Regulation Framework

Annual Review of Psychology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 74(1), P. 547 - 576

Published: Sept. 14, 2022

Exposure to adversity (e.g., poverty, bereavement) is a robust predictor of disruptions in psychological functioning. However, people vary greatly their responses adversity; some experience severe long-term disruptions, others minimal or even improvements. We refer the latter outcomes-faring better than expected given adversity-as resilience. Understanding what processes explain resilience has critical theoretical and practical implications. Yet, psychology's understanding incomplete, for two reasons: (a) lack conceptual clarity, (b) major approaches resilience-the stress coping approach emotion emotion-regulation approach-have limitations are relatively isolated from one another. To address these obstacles,we first discuss questions about Next, we offer an integrative affect-regulation framework that capitalizes on complementary strengths both approaches. This advances our by integrating existing findings, highlighting gaps knowledge, guiding future research.

Language: Английский

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The prefrontal cortex, pathological anxiety, and anxiety disorders

Neuropsychopharmacology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 47(1), P. 260 - 275

Published: Aug. 16, 2021

Language: Английский

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Early life stress and brain function: Activity and connectivity associated with processing emotion and reward

NeuroImage, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 209, P. 116493 - 116493

Published: Dec. 27, 2019

Investigating the developmental sequelae of early life stress has provided researchers opportunity to examine adaptive responses extreme environments. A large body work established mechanisms by which stressful experiences childhood poverty, maltreatment, and institutional care can impact brain distributed systems body. These are reviewed briefly lay foundation upon current neuroimaging literature been built. More recently, cognitive neuroscientists have identified a number effects adversity, including differential behavior function. Among most consistent these findings differences in processing emotion reward-related information. The neural correlates processing, particularly frontolimbic functional connectivity, well studied samples with results indicating accelerated maturation following adversity. Reward received less attention, but here evidence suggests deficit reward sensitivity. It is as yet unknown whether emotion-regulation circuits comes at cost delayed development other systems, notably system. This review addresses that investigated identifying important next steps study function

Language: Английский

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Dimensions of deprivation and threat, psychopathology, and potential mediators: A multi-year longitudinal analysis.

Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 127(2), P. 160 - 170

Published: Feb. 1, 2018

Prior research demonstrates a link between exposure to childhood adversity and psychopathology later in development.However, work on mechanisms linking fails account for specificity these pathways across different types of adversity.Here, we test conceptual model that distinguishes deprivation threat as distinct forms with psychopathology.Deprivation involves an absence inputs from the environment, such cognitive social stimulation, influence by altering development, verbal abilities.Threat includes experiences involving harm or increase risk through disruptions social-emotional processing.We prediction deprivation, but not threat, increases altered abilities.Data were drawn Child Development Project (N=585), which followed children over decade.We analyze data assessment points at age 5, 6, 14, 17 years.Mothers completed interviews 5 6 experiences.Youth abilities assessed 14.At 17, mothers reported child psychopathology.A path analysis tested longitudinal paths internalizing externalizing problems threat.

Language: Английский

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Early life adversity and health‐risk behaviors: proposed psychological and neural mechanisms

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 1428(1), P. 151 - 169

Published: July 16, 2018

Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with poorer health in adulthood, an association explained, at least part, by increased engagement health-risk behaviors (HRBs). In this review, we make the case that ELA influences brain development ways increase likelihood of engaging HRBs. We argue alters neural circuitry underpinning cognitive control as well emotional processing, including networks involved processing threat and reward. These changes are psychologically behaviorally heightened reactivity, blunted reward responsivity, emotion regulation, greater delay discounting. then demonstrate these adaptations to risk smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, eating high-fat, high-sugar foods. Furthermore, explore how HRBs affect reinforce addiction further explain clustering

Language: Английский

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