Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review

Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 1(1), P. 277 - 312

Published: Dec. 13, 2019

An extensive literature on childhood adversity and neurodevelopment has emerged over the past decade. We evaluate two conceptual models of neurodevelopment—the dimensional model stress acceleration model—in a systematic review 109 studies using MRI-based measures neural structure function in children adolescents. Consistent with model, exposed to threat had reduced amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampal volume heightened amygdala activation majority studies; these patterns were not observed consistently deprivation. In contrast, altered frontoparietal regions deprivation but threat. Evidence for accelerated development amygdala-mPFC circuits was limited other metrics neurodevelopment. Progress charting neurodevelopmental consequences requires larger samples, longitudinal designs, more precise assessments adversity.

Language: Английский

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Early Adversity and Critical Periods: Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Violating the Expectable Environment

Trends in Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 43(3), P. 133 - 143

Published: Feb. 12, 2020

Language: Английский

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Biological aging in childhood and adolescence following experiences of threat and deprivation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Psychological Bulletin, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 146(9), P. 721 - 764

Published: Aug. 3, 2020

Life history theory argues that exposure to early life adversity (ELA) accelerates development, although existing evidence for this varies. We present a meta-analysis and systematic review testing the hypothesis ELA involving threat (e.g., violence exposure) will be associated with accelerated biological aging across multiple metrics, whereas deprivation neglect, institutional rearing) low-socioeconomic status (SES) not. meta-analyze 54 studies (n = 116,010) examining associations of pubertal timing cellular (telomere length DNA methylation age), systematically 25 3,253) neural markers development (cortical thickness amygdala-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity) evaluate whether vary according nature experienced. overall was (d -0.10) -0.21), but these varied by type. Moderator analysis revealed characterized -0.26) -0.43), SES were unrelated development. Systematic between cortical thinning, threat-related consistently thinning in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, frontoparietal, default, visual networks. There no consistent association amygdala-PFC connectivity. These findings suggest specificity types environmental experiences highlight importance evaluating how contributes health disparities process can mitigated through intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Language: Английский

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The clinical characterization of the adult patient with depression aimed at personalization of management

World Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 19(3), P. 269 - 293

Published: Sept. 15, 2020

Depression is widely acknowledged to be a heterogeneous entity, and the need further characterize individual patient who has received this diagnosis in order personalize management plan been repeatedly emphasized. However, research evidence that should guide personalization at present fragmentary, selection of treatment usually based on clinician's and/or patient's preference safety issues, trial‐and‐error fashion, paying little attention particular features specific case. This may one reasons why majority patients with depression do not achieve remission first they receive. The predominant pessimism about actual feasibility routine clinical practice recently tempered by some secondary analyses databases from trials, using approaches such as data meta‐analysis machine learning, which indicate variables indeed contribute identification are likely respond differently various antidepressant drugs or medication vs. psychotherapies. develop decision support tools guiding reaffirmed, point made these developed through large observational studies comprehensive battery self‐report measures. paper aims describe systematically salient domains considered effort treatment. For each domain, available summarized, relevant assessment instruments reviewed, special their suitability for use practice, also view possible inclusion above‐mentioned main unmet needs address area Where allows providing clinician advice can already used today make more personalized, highlighted. Indeed, sections paper, those neurocognition physical comorbidities, modern becoming increasingly complex, several components other than simply choice an psychotherapy, reliably personalized.

Language: Английский

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Language Exposure Relates to Structural Neural Connectivity in Childhood

Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 38(36), P. 7870 - 7877

Published: Aug. 13, 2018

Neuroscience research has elucidated broad relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and young children9s brain structure, but there is little mechanistic knowledge about specific environmental factors that are associated with variation in structure. One factor, early language exposure, predicts linguistic cognitive skills later academic achievement, how exposure relates to neuroanatomy unknown. By measuring the real-world of children (ages 4–6 years, 27 male/13 female), we confirmed preregistered hypothesis greater adult-child conversational experience, independent SES sheer amount adult speech, related stronger, more coherent white matter connectivity left arcuate superior longitudinal fasciculi on average, specifically near their anterior termination at Broca9s area inferior frontal cortex. Fractional anisotropy significant tract subregions mediated relationship turns indicated a neuroanatomical mechanism underlying "language gap." Post hoc whole-brain analyses revealed was not any other tracts, indicating specificity this relationship. Results suggest development dorsal tracts environmentally influenced, by early, dialogic interaction. Furthermore, these findings raise possibility intervention programs aiming ameliorate disadvantages due family may focus increasing capitalize neural plasticity development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Over last decade, neuroscience highlighted detrimental impact disadvantaged backgrounds However, intervene effectively, must know which proximal aspects most strongly The present study finds conversation, correlates strength hemisphere pathway connecting two canonical regions, volume speech. These close achievement gap

Language: Английский

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Why and how does early adversity influence development? Toward an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience

Development and Psychopathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 34(2), P. 447 - 471

Published: March 14, 2022

Abstract Two extant frameworks – the harshness-unpredictability model and threat-deprivation attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively, why, based a history natural selection, development operates way it does across range environmental contexts, how neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity learning in response experiences influence brain Building these frameworks, we advance an integrated experience, focusing threat-based forms harshness, deprivation-based unpredictability. This makes clear why are inextricable and, together, essential understanding environment matter. Core integrative concepts include directedness learning, multiple levels developmental adaptation environment, tradeoffs between adaptive maladaptive responses adversity. The proposes proximal distal cues as well unpredictability those cues, calibrate both immediate rearing environments broader ecological current future. We highlight actionable directions for research needed investigate experience.

Language: Английский

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Cognitive Stimulation as a Mechanism Linking Socioeconomic Status With Executive Function: A Longitudinal Investigation

Child Development, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 91(4)

Published: Oct. 8, 2019

Executive functions (EF), including working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, vary as a function of socioeconomic status (SES), with children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds having poorer performance than their higher SES peers. Using observational methods, we investigated stimulation in the home mechanism linking EF. In sample 101 aged 60–75 months, fully mediated SES‐related differences Critically, was positively associated development inhibition flexibility across an 18‐month follow‐up period. Furthermore, EF at T1 explained academic achievement T2. Early stimulation—a modifiable factor—may be desirable target for interventions designed to ameliorate achievement.

Language: Английский

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Development and validation of a self-report measure of epistemic trust

PLoS ONE, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 16(4), P. e0250264 - e0250264

Published: April 16, 2021

Epistemic trust (ET) refers to in communicated knowledge. This paper describes the development and validation of a new self-report questionnaire, Trust, Mistrust Credulity Questionnaire (ETMCQ). We report on two studies (Study 1, n = 500; Study 2, 705) examining psychometric properties ETMCQ relationship between EMTCQ scores (i.e., an individual’s epistemic stance) exposure adverse childhood experiences, mental health symptoms, attachment, mentalizing general self-efficacy. The factor structure was examined using Exploratory Confirmatory Factor Analyses, its reliability test-retest were tested. Both yielded three correlated yet distinct factors–Trust, Credulity–and confirmed validity ETMCQ. Preregistered hypotheses replicated across both studies. Main findings suggest intriguing links developmental psychopathology constructs are consistent with thinking role stance undermining adaptation increasing risk problems. associated adversity higher global severity index factors partially mediated link early symptoms. positively difficulties understanding states insecure attachment styles. Post-hoc analysis identified that different styles differences stance. In addition, Trust not reduced levels symptoms did moderate impact adversity–findings congruent suggestion reduction mistrust credulity may be crucial common promoting resilience effectiveness psychotherapeutic interventions. investigation provide empirical measure what until now has been largely theoretical concept open avenues for future research.

Language: Английский

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The effects of early life adversity on children’s mental health and cognitive functioning

Translational Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: June 10, 2022

Emerging evidence suggests that partially distinct mechanisms may underlie the association between different dimensions of early life adversity (ELA) and psychopathology in children adolescents. While there is minimal types ELA are associated with specific outcomes, unique cognitive socioemotional consequences increase transdiagnostic risk mental health problems across internalizing externalizing spectra. The current review provides an overview recent findings examining (e.g., language, executive function), attention bias, emotion regulation), correlates along threat/harshness, deprivation, unpredictability. We underscore similarities differences connecting to particular identify gaps future directions help clarify inconsistencies literature. This focuses on childhood adolescence, periods exquisite neurobiological change sensitivity environment. utility dimensional models better understanding mechanistic pathways towards expression discussed, supporting value such developmental sequelae ELA. Integration existing focused psychiatric classification biobehavioral advance our etiology, phenomenology, treatment difficulties youth.

Language: Английский

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Adverse childhood experiences and allostatic load: A systematic review

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 136, P. 104605 - 104605

Published: March 9, 2022

Language: Английский

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