Pharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(7), P. 964 - 964
Published: July 21, 2024
Targeting
drugs
to
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
is
challenging
due
presence
of
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB).
The
cutting
edge
in
nanotechnology
generates
optimism
overcome
growing
challenges
biomedical
sciences
through
effective
engineering
nanogels.
primary
objective
present
report
was
develop
and
characterize
a
biocompatible
natural
chitosan
(CS)-based
NG
that
can
be
tracked
thanks
tricarbocyanine
(CNN)
fluorescent
probe
addition
on
biopolymer
backbone.
FTIR
shed
light
chemical
groups
involved
CS
CNN
interactions
between
CNN-CS
tripolyphosphate,
cross-linking
agent.
Both
vitro
vivo
experiments
were
carried
out
determine
if
CS-NGs
utilized
as
therapeutic
delivery
vehicles
directed
towards
brain.
An
ionic
gelation
method
chosen
generate
cationic
CNN-CS-NG.
DLS
TEM
confirmed
these
entities'
sizes
fell
into
nanoscale.
CNN-CS-NG
found
non-cytotoxic,
determined
SH-SY5Y
neuroblastoma
cell
line
biocompatibility
assays.
After
cellular
internalization,
occurrence
an
endo-lysosomal
escape
(a
crucial
event
for
efficient
drug
delivery)
detected.
Furthermore,
administered
intraperitoneally
female
CF-1
mice
detected
different
brain
regions
after
2
h
administration,
using
fluorescence
microscopy.
To
conclude,
obtained
findings
useful
field
neuro-nanomedicine
when
designing
with
purpose
delivering
CNS.
Journal of Cell Science,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
137(9)
Published: May 1, 2024
ABSTRACT
Tight
junctions
(TJs)
are
specialized
regions
of
contact
between
cells
epithelial
and
endothelial
tissues
that
form
selective
semipermeable
paracellular
barriers
establish
maintain
body
compartments
with
different
fluid
compositions.
As
such,
the
formation
TJs
represents
a
critical
step
in
metazoan
evolution,
allowing
multicompartmental
organisms
true,
barrier-forming
epithelia
endothelia.
In
six
decades
have
passed
since
first
observations
by
transmission
electron
microscopy,
much
progress
has
been
made
understanding
structure,
function,
molecular
composition
regulation
TJs.
The
goal
this
Perspective
is
to
highlight
key
concepts
emerged
through
research
future
challenges
lie
ahead
for
field.
International Journal of Pharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
670, P. 125186 - 125186
Published: Jan. 8, 2025
The
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
plays
a
vital
role
in
protecting
the
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
by
preventing
entry
of
harmful
pathogens
from
bloodstream.
However,
this
also
presents
significant
obstacle
when
it
comes
to
delivering
drugs
for
treatment
neurodegenerative
diseases
and
brain
cancer.
Recent
breakthroughs
nanotechnology
have
paved
way
creation
wide
range
nanoparticles
(NPs)
that
can
serve
as
carriers
diagnosis
therapy.
Regarding
their
promising
properties,
organic
NPs
potential
be
used
effective
drug
delivery
across
BBB
based
on
recent
advancements.
These
remarkable
ability
penetrate
using
various
mechanisms.
This
review
offers
comprehensive
examination
intricate
structure
distinct
properties
BBB,
emphasizing
its
crucial
function
preserving
balance
regulating
transport
ions
molecules.
disruption
conditions
such
stroke,
Alzheimer's
disease,
Parkinson's
disease
highlights
importance
developing
creative
approaches
drugs.
Through
encapsulation
therapeutic
molecules
precise
targeting
processes
vasculature,
NP
formulations
present
hopeful
strategy
improve
BBB.
We
explore
changes
pathological
investigate
factors
affect
successful
into
brain.
In
addition,
we
most
systems
associated
with
shown
positive
results
treating
ischemic
disorders.
opens
up
new
possibilities
nanotechnology-based
therapies
cerebral
diseases.
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
14(2), P. 386 - 386
Published: Jan. 9, 2025
The
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
is
a
crucial
structure
that
maintains
brain
homeostasis
by
regulating
the
entry
of
molecules
and
cells
from
bloodstream
into
central
nervous
system
(CNS).
Neurodegenerative
diseases
such
as
Alzheimer's
Parkinson's
disease,
well
ischemic
stroke,
compromise
integrity
BBB.
This
leads
to
increased
permeability
infiltration
harmful
substances,
thereby
accelerating
neurodegeneration.
In
this
review,
we
explore
mechanisms
underlying
BBB
disruption,
including
oxidative
stress,
neuroinflammation,
vascular
dysfunction,
loss
tight
junction
integrity,
in
patients
with
neurodegenerative
diseases.
We
discuss
how
breakdown
contributes
neurotoxicity,
abnormal
accumulation
pathological
proteins,
all
which
exacerbate
neuronal
damage
facilitate
disease
progression.
Furthermore,
potential
therapeutic
strategies
aimed
at
preserving
or
restoring
function,
anti-inflammatory
treatments,
antioxidant
therapies,
approaches
enhance
integrity.
Given
role
neurodegeneration,
maintaining
its
represents
promising
approach
slow
prevent
progression
Bone Research,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
13(1)
Published: March 17, 2025
Abstract
Following
the
discovery
of
bone
as
an
endocrine
organ
with
systemic
influence,
bone-brain
interaction
has
emerged
a
research
hotspot,
unveiling
complex
bidirectional
communication
between
and
brain.
Studies
indicate
that
brain
can
influence
each
other’s
homeostasis
via
multiple
pathways,
yet
there
is
dearth
systematic
reviews
in
this
area.
This
review
comprehensively
examines
interactions
across
three
key
areas:
bone-derived
factors
on
function,
effects
brain-related
diseases
or
injuries
(BRDI)
health,
concept
skeletal
interoception.
Additionally,
discusses
innovative
approaches
biomaterial
design
inspired
by
mechanisms,
aiming
to
facilitate
through
materiobiological
aid
treatment
neurodegenerative
bone-related
diseases.
Notably,
integration
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
highlighted,
showcasing
AI’s
role
expediting
formulation
effective
targeted
strategies.
In
conclusion,
offers
vital
insights
into
mechanisms
suggests
advanced
harness
these
clinical
practice.
These
offer
promising
avenues
for
preventing
treating
impacting
skeleton
brain,
underscoring
potential
interdisciplinary
enhancing
human
health.
Journal of Controlled Release,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
381, P. 113595 - 113595
Published: March 6, 2025
In
receptor-mediated
transcytosis
(RMT)
of
large
therapeutics
across
the
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB),
construct
-
a
macromolecule
or
larger
carrier
with
therapeutic
payload
binds
protein
on
brain
capillary
endothelial
cells
(BCEC),
internalization
and
release
into
parenchyma.
The
construct's
into,
trafficking
from,
but
also
possible
entrapment
within
BCEC
are
affected
by
its
engineered
properties
whose
optimization
has
helped
derive
insights
transport
mechanisms
at
BCEC.
Furthermore,
advances
in
multi-omics,
as
well
large-scale
screening
directed
evolution
campaigns
have
identify
new
targets
for
RMT
this
perspective,
I
raise
reflect
some
fundamental
questions
one
can
arrive
comparing
BBB-targeted
constructs
different
target
proteins.
These
concern
underlying,
transcytosis-promoting
factors
that
constructs'
appears
to
converge
on,
precise
role
proteins
RMT,
through
which
these
may
mediate
trafficking,
tentative
criteria
selection
Based
considerations
propose
several
scenarios
strategies
interfere
more
efficient
internalization,
endosomal
network
toward
abluminal
membrane,
from
BCEC,
both
smaller
macromolecules
carriers.
Nano Convergence,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11(1)
Published: Oct. 15, 2024
Microplastics,
particularly
those
in
the
micrometer
scale,
have
been
shown
to
enter
human
body
through
ingestion,
inhalation,
and
dermal
contact.
Recent
research
indicates
that
microplastics
can
potentially
impact
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
by
crossing
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB).
However,
exact
mechanisms
of
their
transport,
uptake,
subsequent
toxicity
at
BBB
remain
unclear.
In
this
study,
we
evaluated
size-dependent
uptake
cytotoxicity
polystyrene
microparticles
using
an
engineered
model.
Our
findings
demonstrate
0.2
μm
exhibit
significantly
higher
transendothelial
transport
compared
1.0
microparticles,
leading
increased
permeability
cellular
damage.
After
24
h
exposure,
15.6-fold
for
particles
2-fold
control.
72
further
27.3-fold
a
4.5-fold
Notably,
administration
following
TNF-α
treatment
resulted
enhanced
absorption
greater
damage
non-stimulated
conditions.
Additionally,
observed
differently
between
2D
cultured
cells
3D
models,
highlighting
importance
testing
models
evaluating
environmental
toxicity.
Pharmaceutics,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
16(7), P. 849 - 849
Published: June 22, 2024
The
state
of
well-being
and
health
our
body
is
regulated
by
the
fine
osmotic
biochemical
balance
established
between
cells
different
tissues,
organs,
systems.
Specific
districts
human
are
defined,
kept
in
correct
functioning,
and,
therefore,
protected
from
exogenous
or
endogenous
insults
both
mechanical,
physical,
biological
nature
presence
barrier
In
addition
to
placental
barrier,
which
even
acts
as
a
linker
two
organisms,
mother
fetus,
all
barriers,
including
blood-brain
(BBB),
blood-retinal
blood-nerve
blood-lymph
blood-cerebrospinal
fluid
operate
maintain
physiological
homeostasis
within
tissues
organs.
From
pharmaceutical
point
view,
most
challenging
undoubtedly
BBB,
since
its
notably
complicates
treatment
brain
disorders.
BBB
action
can
impair
delivery
chemical
drugs
biopharmaceuticals
into
brain,
reducing
their
therapeutic
efficacy
and/or
increasing
unwanted
bioaccumulation
surrounding
healthy
tissues.
Recent
nanotechnological
innovation
provides
advanced
biomaterials
ad
hoc
customized
engineering
functionalization
methods
able
assist
brain-targeted
drug
delivery.
this
context,
lipid
nanocarriers,
synthetic
(liposomes,
solid
nanoparticles,
nanoemulsions,
nanostructured
carriers,
niosomes,
proniosomes,
cubosomes)
cell-derived
ones
(extracellular
vesicles
cell
membrane-derived
nanocarriers),
considered
one
successful
systems
due
reasonable
biocompatibility
ability
cross
BBB.
This
review
aims
provide
complete
up-to-date
view
on
varied
whether
FDA-approved,
involved
clinical
trials,
used
vitro
vivo
studies,
for
inflammatory,
cancerous,
infectious
diseases.
Neural Regeneration Research,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
20(7), P. 1944 - 1956
Published: July 29, 2024
The
blood–brain
barrier
constitutes
a
dynamic
and
interactive
boundary
separating
the
central
nervous
system
peripheral
circulation.
It
tightly
modulates
ion
transport
nutrient
influx,
while
restricting
entry
of
harmful
factors,
selectively
limiting
migration
immune
cells,
thereby
maintaining
brain
homeostasis.
Despite
well-established
association
between
disruption
most
neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory
diseases,
much
remains
unknown
about
factors
influencing
its
physiology
mechanisms
underlying
breakdown.
Moreover,
role
breakdown
in
translational
failure
therapies
for
disorders
is
just
starting
to
be
understood.
This
review
aims
revisit
this
concept
“blood–brain
breakdown,”
delving
into
controversial
aspects,
prevalent
challenges,
knowledge
gaps
concerning
lack
integrity.
By
moving
beyond
oversimplistic
dichotomy
an
“open”/“bad”
or
“closed”/“good”
barrier,
our
objective
provide
more
comprehensive
insight
dynamics,
identify
novel
targets
and/or
therapeutic
approaches
aimed
at
mitigating
dysfunction.
Furthermore,
review,
we
advocate
considering
diverse
time-
location-dependent
alterations
which
go
tight-junction
endothelial
cell
breakdown,
illustrated
through
dynamics
ischemic
stroke
as
case
study.
Through
exploration,
seek
underscore
complexity
dysfunction
implications
pathogenesis
therapy
diseases.